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. 2026 Jan 12;18:112. doi: 10.1007/s40820-025-01964-1

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 14 — a Schematic illustration of the synthesis procedure for the TF/CC cathode and the structure of the photo-assisted Li–O₂ battery. b Schematic illustration of the charging process with and without illumination and the proposed photo-electrochemical process in the TF/CC cathode during charging. c Galvanostatic charge–discharge profiles of the Li–O₂ batteries at different current densities with illumination. Reproduced with permission [168].

Copyright 2020, Wiley-Blackwell. d Representations of the design and preparation of the TT@CC cathode. e Discharge–charge curves of the Li–O₂ batteries with or without illumination. f Digital photograph of the assembled self-powered energy system working with or without the light: Inset shows the working circuit connection; the self-powered energy system powering a commercial red LED display screen at various bent and twisted conditions. Reproduced with permission [79]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. g Schematic generation of ^•O₂⁻ and ¹O₂. h ORR and OER of FeNi-TCPP with and without irradiation. Reproduced with permission [210]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-Blackwell