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. 2026 Jan 12;18:112. doi: 10.1007/s40820-025-01964-1

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Performance of 7.5 wt.% Ni–CeO₂. b Proposed mechanism of the CO₂ methanation reaction. Reproduced with permission [82].

Copyright 2023, Elsevier. c Schematic representation of the electrode reactions in SC with/without light illumination. d Galvanostatic charge–discharge profiles at 1 A g⁻¹ under dark condition and light illumination. Reproduced with permission [12]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry