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. 2026 Jan 12;18:112. doi: 10.1007/s40820-025-01964-1

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Schematic of a Co₃O₄ under dark. Mechanism of the whole TiO₂ photo-assisted system under light for b charging process and c discharging process. Under light irradiation, the semiconductor Co₃O₄ generates electron–hole pairs, and then the band bending can be reduced due to photogenerated charge compensation. After continuous irradiation, excess photogenerated holes will be oxidized by Co₃O₄ to generate CoOOH and CoO₂. Reproduced with permission [94].

Copyright 2022, Elsevier. d Schematic illustration for deposition of MnO₂ and V₂O₅ on WTNTS and preparation of MnO₂–V₂O₅ co-deposited electrode. e CVs of sample carried out under dark and light illumination. Reproduced with permission [95]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier