. 2026 Jan 12;18:112. doi: 10.1007/s40820-025-01964-1

Table 6.

Structures and performances of typical light-assisted energy storage devices

Type	Photo electrode	Light source	Current density	Capacitance or capacity	Energy density	SC/PE/RTE	Mechanical flexibility	Cycle	References
SC	Se–V₂O₅–PPy		0.5 A g⁻¹	108 F g⁻¹	59.47 Wh Kg⁻¹		Bend to any angle	91% (10,000 cycles)	[165]
	CuxO/np-NiCu@NiCuO/MG, x = 1, 2	Xe lamp	1.0 A cm⁻³	1182.2 F cm⁻³	44.9 mWh cm⁻³	118% (PE)	~ 100% after 1000 bends	93% (2000 cycles)	[166]
	Co₃O₄ nanospheres	100 mW cm⁻²	1 A g⁻¹	523 F g⁻¹	97.6 Wh kg⁻¹	116.7% (PE)		42.5% (5000 cycles)	[94]
	MnO₂–V₂O₅/WTNTS	1 Sun	6.0 A g⁻¹	237.6 F g⁻¹				94% (5000 cycles)	[95]
	CoMnS/TNT	100 W m⁻² Xe light	0.70 mA cm⁻²	71.7 mF cm⁻²		170% (PE)		94% (5000 cycles)	[167]
	CeO₂–MnO₂		1.3 mA cm⁻²	110.57 mF cm⁻²	0.024 mWh cm⁻²		Bend to 180°	95% (4000 cycles)	[31]
	NCDs@Ti₃C₂T_x	150 mW cm⁻²	10 A cm⁻³	1445 F cm⁻³	18.75 mWh cm⁻³	135.9% (PE)			[117]
Li–O₂	Ov–TiO₂	1 Sun	100 mA g⁻¹	9390 mAh g⁻¹					[78]
	TiO₂–Fe₂O₃	500 W Xe lamp	0.05 mA cm⁻²	0.1 mAh cm⁻²		86% (RTE)		86% (100 cycles)	[168]
	CVO@CNT	Xe lamp	0.1 mA cm⁻²	6.14 mAh cm⁻²		166% (PE)			[169]
	FeNi-TCPP	100 mW cm⁻²	0.1 mA cm⁻²			92% (RTE)			[170]
Li–CO₂	CoPc–Mn–O@rGO	1 Sun	0.02 mA cm⁻²			98.5% (RTE)			[171]
Li–S	PHK	500W Xe lamp	5 C	679 mAh g⁻¹				67% (1500 cycles)	[172]
	3DHG/NS/CPANI		0.5 C	1082 mAh g⁻¹				80% (500 cycles)	[173]
	CdS–TiO₂/CC	0.5 Sun	0.2 mA cm⁻²	1225 mAh g⁻¹		2.3%(SC)			[174]
	Ti-BPDC	30 mW cm⁻²	0.2 C	1314 mAh g⁻¹		4.3%(SC)		82.9% (150 cycles)	[175]
Li–N₂	Au–N_v–C₃N₄	500 W Xe lamp	100 mA g⁻¹	600 mAh g⁻¹		59.1% (RTE)			[176]
Zn-Air	MoS₂-ONT	30 W LED UV	0.5 mA cm⁻²	799.5 mAhg⁻¹					[101]
	pTTh	100 mW cm⁻²	0.1 mA cm⁻²	553.3 mAh g⁻¹	681.71 Wh kg⁻¹	156.25% (PE)	Restore the original state after deformation		[177]
	CC@Fe₂O₃/Co₃O₄	300W Xe lamp	0.1 mA cm⁻²	712.3 mAh g⁻¹		14.4% (PE)			[156]
Zn-Ion	V₂O₅	100 mW cm⁻²	0.1 A g⁻¹	473 mAh g⁻¹		5.2%(SC)		89.3% (4000 cycles)	[178]
Zn-Ion	V₂O₃@CSs	100 mW∙cm⁻²	2.0 A g⁻¹	463 mAh g⁻¹		0.354% (SC)		61% (3000 cycles)	[179]
Sn-Air	Fe₂O₃@TiO₂/Ti	300 mW cm⁻²	0.10 mA cm⁻²						[180]

RTE represents the round-trip efficiency; PE represents the photo-conversion efficiency; SC represents solar conversion