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. 2026 Jan 12;18:188. doi: 10.1007/s40820-025-02035-1

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — SRMs have been developed for a variety of foreground beyond-CMOS applications, including in-memory computing, neuromorphic computing, and hardware security currently, where CMOS compatibility is an important basis for their further expansion. Reprinted from [17, 34, 37, 45–48], with permission from Springer Nature, American Chemical Society.

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