Fig. 10.

a Schematic diagram of digital RC system. W_in, W_res and W_out represent input weights, reservoir weights and output weights, respectively, where Z⁻¹ is decaying processing and f(x) is a nonlinear function. b Schematic diagram of physical RC system based on emerging memories dominant by SRMs herein. Reproduced from [121], with permission from Springer Nature. c Schematic diagram of dynamic volatile SRMs with gradual oxygen concentration in the TiO_x layer. d DC I–V curves of dynamic volatile SRMs. e Decaying nature of the volatile TiO_x SRM at different temperatures. Reproduced from [122], with permission from Springer Nature