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. 2026 Jan 12;18:188. doi: 10.1007/s40820-025-02035-1

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3. — 3D integration based on SRMs. a Device schematic of the 3D vertical crossbar array based on TiN/TiO₂/NbO_x/Ru vertical SRM cell. b Optical microscope image of the stepping region from the vertical crossbar array. c DC I–V plot of the TiN/TiO₂/NbO_x/Ru vertical SRM cell. Reproduced from [49], Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society