Table 2.
Changing trends of age-standardized prevalence of autoimmune diseases in childhood, adolescence, young and middle-age, and middle-aged and elderly period at the global and regional levels in 1990–2020.
| Age group | Measure | Sex | Location | AA | T1D | IBD | MS | Psoriasis | RHD | RA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AAPC (95% CI) | P | AAPC (95% CI) | P | AAPC (95% CI) | P | AAPC (95% CI) | P | AAPC (95% CI) | P | AAPC (95% CI) | P | AAPC (95% CI) | P | ||||
| Childhood | Prevalence | Male | Global | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.01) | <.001 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ‐19.59 (‐44.46 to 16.41) | .157 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Female | Global | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ‐29 (‐61.78 to 31.91) | .14 | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Both | Global | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ‐38.38 (‐68.62 to 20.98) | .091 |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Male | African Region | NA | NA | ‐12.58 (‐51.86 to 58.77) | .435 | NA | NA | 5.21 (‐15.96 to 31.72) | .075 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Female | African Region | NA | NA | ‐22.34 (‐56.16 to 37.56) | .15 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Both | African Region | NA | NA | ‐27.97 (‐60.49 to 31.32) | .356 | ‐24.78 (‐51.52 to 16.73) | 0.088 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Male | Eastern Mediterranean Region | NA | NA | ‐23.71 (‐54.21 to 27.11) | .197 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Female | Eastern Mediterranean Region | NA | NA | ‐27.31 (‐43.08 to ‐7.17) | .025 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Both | Eastern Mediterranean Region | NA | NA | ‐19.61 (‐42.23 to 11.87) | .086 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Male | European Region | NA | NA | ‐33.4 (‐97.36 to 1582.93) | .023 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Female | European Region | NA | NA | ‐28.59 (‐54.66 to 12.48) | .122 | ‐29.6 (‐48.89 to ‐3.04) | .126 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Both | European Region | NA | NA | ‐30.08 (‐46.26 to ‐9.02) | .143 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ‐42.25 (NA to NA) | .023 |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Male | Region of the Americas | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ‐7.03 (‐99.28 to 11919.64) | 0.04 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Female | Region of the Americas | NA | NA | ‐26.54 (‐41.53 to ‐7.7) | .108 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ‐24.18 (‐81.98 to 218.98) | .033 |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Both | Region of the Americas | NA | NA | ‐26.59 (‐51.9 to 12.04) | .072 | NA | NA | 0 (NA to NA) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Male | South-East Asia Region | NA | NA | ‐23.71 (‐45.54 to 6.87) | .001 | ‐70.02 (NA to NA) | .88 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ‐25.28 (‐72.06 to 99.79) | 1.00 | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Female | South-East Asia Region | NA | NA | ‐20.11 (‐44.93 to 15.89) | 1.00 | ‐25.68 (‐42.13 to ‐4.54) | .165 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9 (NA to NA) | .494 |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Both | South-East Asia Region | NA | NA | ‐23.03 (‐44.15 to 6.07) | .213 | ‐26.36 (‐32.5 to ‐19.67) | 1.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Male | Western Pacific Region | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Female | Western Pacific Region | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Childhood | Prevalence | Both | Western Pacific Region | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Male | Global | ‐0.12 (‐0.13 to ‐0.11) | <.001 | 0.77 (0.73 to 0.82) | <.001 | 0 (‐0.08 to 0.07) | .958 | ‐0.04 (‐0.08 to 0) | .058 | ‐0.8 (‐0.82 to ‐0.78) | <.001 | 0.74 (0.64 to 0.84) | <.001 | 0.13 (0.07 to 0.19) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Female | Global | ‐0.1 (‐0.11 to ‐0.09) | <.001 | 0.76 (0.72 to 0.8) | <.001 | ‐0.08 (‐0.13 to ‐0.03) |
.003 | 0.01 (‐0.07 to 0.09) | .783 | ‐0.87 (‐0.89 to ‐0.84) | <.001 | 0.75 (0.65 to 0.86) | <.001 | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.18) | .003 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Both | Global | ‐0.12 (‐0.13 to ‐0.11) | <.001 | 0.78 (0.73 to 0.83) | <.001 | 0.06 (‐0.02 to 0.14) | .12 | ‐0.08 (‐0.12 to ‐0.03) | .001 | ‐0.71 (‐0.75 to ‐0.68) | <.001 | 0.73 (0.63 to 0.83) | <.001 | 0.19 (0.15 to 0.24) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Male | African Region | ‐0.01 (‐0.01 to 0) | <.001 | 0.17 (0.16 to 0.19) | <.001 | ‐0.04 (‐0.09 to 0) | .067 | ‐0.21 (‐0.24 to ‐0.19) | <.001 | ‐0.68 (‐0.73 to ‐0.62) | <.001 | 0.31 (0.26 to 0.36) | <.001 | ‐0.02 (‐0.04 to 0.01) | .224 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Female | African Region | 0.01 (0 to 0.01) | <.001 | 0.18 (0.16 to 0.19) | <.001 | ‐0.01 (‐0.07 to 0.04) | .611 | ‐0.19 (‐0.21 to ‐0.16) | <.001 | ‐0.7 (‐0.74 to ‐0.67) | <.001 | 0.31 (0.23 to 0.39) | <.001 | ‐0.06 (‐0.08 to ‐0.04) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Both | African Region | 0 (0 to 0) | .08 | 0.17 (0.16 to 0.18) | <.001 | ‐0.05 (-0.13 to 0.02) | .141 | ‐0.16 (‐0.24 to ‐0.07) | .001 | ‐0.65 (‐0.72 to ‐0.57) | <.001 | 0.31 (0.26 to 0.36) | <.001 | 0.15 (0.13 to 0.17) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Male | Eastern Mediterranean Region | 0 (0 to 0.01) | .056 | 1.57 (1.53 to 1.6) | <.001 | 0.12 (0.08 to 0.17) | <.001 | ‐0.16 (‐0.22 to ‐0.1) | <.001 | ‐1.02 (‐1.04 to ‐1.01) | <.001 | 0.28 (0.1 to 0.46) | .003 | 0.53 (0.49 to 0.56) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Female | Eastern Mediterranean Region | 0 (0 to 0) | <.001 | 1.55 (1.51 to 1.59) | <.001 | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.17) | <.001 | ‐0.19 (‐0.25 to ‐0.12) | <.001 | ‐1.04 (‐1.05 to ‐1.02) | <.001 | 0.31 (0.13 to 0.49) | .001 | 0.48 (0.44 to 0.52) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Both | Eastern Mediterranean Region | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.01) | <.001 | 1.57 (1.54 to 1.61) | <.001 | 0.12 (0.08 to 0.16) | <.001 | ‐0.13 (‐0.21 to ‐0.04) | .005 | ‐1.01 (‐1.02 to ‐0.99) | <.001 | 0.25 (0.06 to 0.44) | .009 | 0.61 (0.57 to 0.66) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Male | European Region | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.02) | <.001 | 1.62 (1.5 to 1.75) | <.001 | 0.37 (0.26 to 0.48) | <.001 | 0.42 (0.36 to 0.48) | <.001 | ‐0.31 (‐0.34 to ‐0.28) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.01) | <.001 | 0.64 (0.61 to 0.68) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Female | European Region | ‐0.01 (‐0.01 to ‐0.01) | <.001 | 1.59 (1.53 to 1.65) | <.001 | 0.24 (0.15 to 0.34) | <.001 | 0.45 (0.4 to 0.51) | <.001 | ‐0.32 (‐0.35 to ‐0.3) | <.001 | 0.93 (0.87 to 1) | <.001 | 0.67 (0.64 to 0.7) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Both | European Region | 0.07 (0.06 to 0.08) | <.001 | 1.66 (1.48 to 1.84) | <.001 | 0.5 (0.37 to 0.64) | <.001 | 0.39 (0.31 to 0.47) | <.001 | ‐0.29 (‐0.32 to ‐0.25) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.01) | <.001 | 0.64 (0.61 to 0.67) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Male | Region of the Americas | ‐0.02 (‐0.04 to 0) | .063 | 0.37 (0.27 to 0.47) | <.001 | 0.15 (0.1 to 0.21) | <.001 | ‐0.06 (‐0.16 to 0.04) | .27 | ‐0.47 (‐0.51 to ‐0.43) | <.001 | ‐0.06 (‐0.09 to ‐0.04) | <.001 | 0.55 (0.52 to 0.57) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Female | Region of the Americas | 0.04 (0 to 0.07) | .052 | 0.37 (0.27 to 0.46) | <.001 | 0.23 (0.18 to 0.28) | <.001 | ‐0.03 (‐0.1 to 0.04) | .43 | ‐0.47 (‐0.51 to ‐0.42) | <.001 | ‐0.05 (‐0.07 to ‐0.03) | <.001 | 0.59 (0.56 to 0.62) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Both | Region of the Americas | ‐0.07 (‐0.08 to ‐0.06) | <.001 | 0.33 (0.28 to 0.38) | <.001 | 0.07 (0 to 0.14) | .052 | ‐0.1 (‐0.15 to ‐0.04) | .001 | ‐.46 (-.5 to -.43) | <.001 | ‐0.08 (‐0.11 to ‐0.04) | <.001 | 0.51 (0.47 to 0.54) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Male | South-East Asia Region | ‐0.08 (‐0.09 to ‐0.08) | <.001 | 0.36 (0.33 to 0.39) | <.001 | 0.05 (‐0.09 to 0.19) | .49 | 0.27 (0.21 to 0.32) | <.001 | 0.01 (‐0.02 to 0.04) | .492 | 0.42 (0.13 to 0.72) | .005 | 0.54 (0.52 to 0.57) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Female | South-East Asia Region | ‐0.06 (‐0.06 to ‐0.06) | <.001 | 0.37 (0.34 to 0.4) | <.001 | 0.1 (0.01 to 0.19) | .022 | 0.31 (0.28 to 0.33) | <.001 | ‐0.02 (‐0.06 to 0.03) | .495 | 0.47 (0.17 to 0.77) | .002 | 0.58 (0.53 to 0.63) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Both | South-East Asia Region | ‐0.11 (‐0.11 to ‐0.1) | <.001 | 0.35 (0.29 to 0.41) | <.001 | ‐0.01 (‐0.18 to 0.15) | .861 | 0.31 (0.21 to 0.4) | <.001 | 0.04 (0 to 0.07) | .047 | 0.46 (0.18 to 0.75) | .001 | 0.52 (0.49 to 0.56) | <.001 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Male | Western Pacific Region | 0 (0 to 0) | .654 | 0.57 (0.44 to 0.7) | <.001 | 2.32 (2.06 to 2.58) | <.001 | 0.27 (0.13 to 0.4) | <.001 | ‐0.97 (‐0.99 to ‐0.94) | <.001 | ‐0.63 (‐0.7 to ‐0.56) | <.001 | 0.13 (0.03 to 0.24) | .012 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Female | Western Pacific Region | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.01) | <.001 | 0.6 (0.48 to 0.71) | <.001 | 2.17 (1.96 to 2.38) | <.001 | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.39) | <.001 | ‐0.91 (‐0.94 to ‐0.88) | <.001 | ‐0.56 (‐0.65 to ‐0.46) | <.001 | 0.14 (‐0.05 to 0.34) | .155 |
| Adolescence | Prevalence | Both | Western Pacific Region | 0.08 (0.07 to 0.08) | <.001 | 0.56 (0.36 to 0.76) | <.001 | 2.45 (2.16 to 2.75) | <.001 | 0.28 (0.28 to 0.28) | <.001 | ‐1 (‐1.04 to ‐0.95) | <.001 | -0.69 (‐0.77 to ‐0.61) | <.001 | 0.31 (0.25 to 0.38) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Male | Global | ‐0.12 (‐0.14 to ‐0.11) | <.001 | 0.88 (0.81 to 0.95) | <.001 | ‐0.57 (‐0.6 to ‐0.53) | <.001 | ‐0.24 (‐0.25 to ‐0.22) | <.001 | ‐0.99 (‐1.01 to ‐0.98) | <.001 | 0.59 (0.5 to 0.69) | <.001 | 0.3 (0.21 to 0.38) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Female | Global | ‐0.12 (‐0.13 to ‐0.11) | <.001 | 0.84 (0.8 to 0.87) | <.001 | ‐0.66 (‐0.69 to ‐0.63) | <.001 | ‐0.24 (‐0.26 to ‐0.23) | <.001 | ‐0.99 (‐1.01 to ‐0.98) | <.001 | 0.62 (0.57 to 0.68) | <.001 | 0.24 (0.18 to 0.3) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Both | Global | ‐0.14 (‐0.15 to ‐0.14) | <.001 | 0.93 (0.86 to 1) | <.001 | ‐0.45 (‐0.48 to ‐0.41) | <.001 | ‐0.26 (‐0.28 to ‐0.23) | <.001 | ‐0.98 (‐1 to ‐0.96) | <.001 | 0.55 (0.4 to 0.71) | <.001 | 0.35 (0.26 to 0.44) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Male | African Region | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.01) | <.001 | 0.35 (0.35 to 0.36) | <.001 | 0.44 (0.4 to 0.47) | <.001 | 0.43 (0.41 to 0.44) | <.001 | ‐0.7 (‐0.75 to ‐0.64) | <.001 | 0.18 (0.15 to 0.22) | <.001 | 0.05 (0 to 0.1) | .045 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Female | African Region | 0 (0 to 0) | <.001 | 0.36 (0.36 to 0.36) | <.001 | 0.43 (0.35 to 0.51) | <.001 | 0.44 (0.43 to 0.46) | <.001 | ‐0.7 (‐0.74 to ‐0.66) | <.001 | 0.18 (0.13 to 0.23) | <.001 | ‐0.06 (‐0.13 to 0.01) | .114 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Both | African Region | 0 (0 to 0) | <.001 | 0.35 (0.34 to 0.36) | <.001 | 0.41 (0.37 to 0.46) | <.001 | 0.34 (0.31 to 0.38) | <.001 | ‐0.67 (‐0.73 to ‐0.61) | <.001 | 0.17 (0.14 to 0.2) | <.001 | 0.27 (0.18 to 0.35) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Male | Eastern Mediterranean Region | ‐0.01 (‐0.01 to ‐0.01) | <.001 | 1.77 (1.73 to 1.82) | <.001 | 0.44 (0.42 to 0.46) | <.001 | 0.43 (0.37 to 0.48) | <.001 | ‐0.89 (‐0.89 to ‐0.88) | <.001 | 0.1 (0.03 to 0.18) | .006 | 0.39 (0.36 to 0.41) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Female | Eastern Mediterranean Region | 0 (0 to 0) | .284 | 1.74 (1.71 to 1.78) | <.001 | 0.34 (0.32 to 0.36) | <.001 | 0.46 (0.37 to 0.55) | <.001 | ‐0.88 (‐0.89 to ‐0.87) | <.001 | 0.16 (0.1 to 0.23) | <.001 | 0.48 (0.45 to 0.5) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Both | Eastern Mediterranean Region | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.01) | <.001 | 1.79 (1.76 to 1.83) | <.001 | 0.56 (0.52 to 0.6) | <.001 | 0.43 (0.4 to 0.46) | <.001 | ‐0.89 (‐0.91 to ‐0.87) | <.001 | 0.05 (‐0.03 to 0.13) | .223 | 0.27 (0.2 to 0.34) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Male | European Region | ‐0.04 (‐0.04 to ‐0.03) | <.001 | 1.67 (1.64 to 1.71) | <.001 | 0.3 (0.26 to 0.35) | <.001 | 0.45 (0.38 to 0.52) | <.001 | ‐0.5 (‐0.53 to ‐0.47) | <.001 | 0.63 (0.56 to 0.7) | <.001 | 0.46 (0.43 to 0.49) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Female | European Region | ‐0.02 (‐0.02 to ‐0.02) | <.001 | 1.64 (1.56 to 1.72) | <.001 | 0.3 (0.26 to 0.33) | <.001 | 0.54 (0.49 to 0.59) | <.001 | ‐0.49 (‐0.52 to ‐0.46) | <.001 | 0.65 (0.58 to 0.73) | <.001 | 0.48 (0.45 to 0.5) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Both | European Region | ‐0.05 (‐0.05 to ‐0.05) | <.001 | 1.7 (1.63 to 1.77) | <.001 | 0.31 (0.24 to 0.39) | <.001 | 0.27 (0.21 to 0.33) | <.001 | ‐0.51 (‐0.54 to ‐0.47) | <.001 | 0.61 (0.54 to 0.68) | <.001 | 0.44 (0.41 to 0.47) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Male | Region of the Americas | ‐0.22 (‐0.26 to ‐0.18) | <.001 | 0.13 (0.07 to 0.18) | <.001 | ‐1.93 (‐2.05 to ‐1.81) | <.001 | ‐0.42 (‐0.45 to ‐0.39) | <.001 | ‐0.75 (‐0.78 to ‐0.71) | <.001 | 0.44 (0.43 to 0.44) | <.001 | 0.64 (0.61 to 0.66) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Female | Region of the Americas | ‐0.22 (‐0.26 to ‐0.18) | <.001 | 0.19 (0.11 to 0.27) | <.001 | ‐1.84 (‐1.95 to ‐1.72) | <.001 | ‐0.44 (‐0.48 to ‐0.4) | <.001 | ‐0.73 (‐0.76 to ‐0.7) | <.001 | 0.46 (0.42 to 0.49) | <.001 | 0.61 (0.59 to 0.63) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Both | Region of the Americas | ‐0.22 (‐0.24 to ‐0.2) | <.001 | 0.08 (-0.06 to 0.22) | .277 | ‐2.13 (‐2.24 to ‐2.02) | <.001 | ‐0.39 (‐0.43 to ‐0.34) | <.001 | ‐0.76 (‐0.79 to ‐0.72) | <.001 | 0.4 (0.38 to 0.41) | <.001 | 0.7 (0.68 to 0.72) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Male | South-East Asia Region | ‐0.05 (‐0.05 to ‐0.04) | <.001 | 0.76 (0.6 to 0.91) | <.001 | ‐0.05 (‐0.2 to 0.1) | .489 | 0.41 (0.38 to 0.44) | <.001 | ‐0.13 (‐0.15 to ‐0.11) | <.001 | 0.18 (‐0.18 to 0.53) | .328 | 0.57 (0.55 to 0.58) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Female | South-East Asia Region | ‐0.05 (‐0.05 to ‐0.05) | <.001 | 0.76 (0.71 to 0.82) | <.001 | 0.05 (‐0.02 to 0.12) | .18 | 0.41 (0.4 to 0.43) | <.001 | ‐0.13 (‐0.16 to ‐0.1) | <.001 | 0.15 (‐0.06 to 0.37) | .157 | 0.53 (0.52 to 0.55) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Both | South-East Asia Region | ‐0.07 (‐0.07 to ‐0.06) | <.001 | 0.8 (0.68 to 0.91) | <.001 | ‐0.15 (‐0.42 to 0.11) | .254 | 0.36 (0.3 to 0.42) | <.001 | ‐0.12 (‐0.14 to ‐0.11) | <.001 | 0.27 (‐0.21 to 0.74) | .272 | 0.56 (0.54 to 0.58) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Male | Western Pacific Region | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.01) | <.001 | 1 (0.87 to 1.14) | <.001 | 2.09 (1.95 to 2.23) | <.001 | 0.38 (0.21 to 0.54) | <.001 | ‐0.99 (‐1.06 to ‐0.91) | <.001 | ‐0.46 (‐0.52 to ‐0.39) | <.001 | 0.21 (0.11 to 0.3) | <.001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Female | Western Pacific Region | ‐0.01 (‐0.01 to ‐0.01) | < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.94) | <.001 | 2.01 (1.85 to 2.16) | <.001 | 0.42 (0.27 to 0.57) | <.001 | ‐0.96 (‐1.03 to ‐0.89) | <.001 | ‐0.36 (‐0.45 to ‐0.28) | <.001 | 0.17 (0.07 to 0.27) | .001 |
| Young and middle-age | Prevalence | Both | Western Pacific Region | 0.04 (0.04 to 0.04) | <.001 | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.2) | <.001 | 2.16 (2.03 to 2.28) | <.001 | 0.27 (0.11 to 0.43) | .001 | ‐1 (‐1.07 to ‐0.92) | <.001 | ‐0.57 (‐0.62 to ‐0.51) | <.001 | 0.23 (0.17 to 0.28) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Male | Global | ‐0.04 (‐0.05 to ‐0.02) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.02) | <.001 | ‐0.64 (‐0.68 to ‐0.6) | <.001 | ‐0.06 (‐0.19 to 0.07) | .343 | ‐0.87 (‐0.91 to ‐0.84) | <.001 | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.09) | .012 | 0.28 (0.18 to 0.37) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Female | Global | ‐0.1 (‐0.11 to ‐0.09) | <.001 | 0.84 (0.78 to 0.91) | <.001 | ‐0.67 (‐0.72 to ‐0.62) | <.001 | ‐0.05 (‐0.19 to 0.1) | .529 | ‐0.92 (‐0.95 to ‐0.89) | <.001 | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.08) | .015 | 0.21 (0.11 to 0.31) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Both | Global | 0.02 (0.02 to 0.03) | <.001 | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.1) | <.001 | ‐0.61 (‐0.65 to ‐0.56) | <.001 | ‐0.15 (‐0.26 to ‐0.03) | .01 | ‐0.82 (‐0.87 to ‐0.77) | <.001 | 0.04 (‐0.01 to 0.09) | .149 | 0.37 (0.31 to 0.43) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Male | African Region | 0.06 (0.05 to 0.06) | <.001 | 0.61 (0.6 to 0.62) | <.001 | 0.54 (0.42 to 0.66) | <.001 | 0.7 (0.67 to 0.73) | <.001 | ‐0.68 (‐0.72 to ‐0.64) | <.001 | 0.12 (0.11 to 0.13) | <.001 | 0.32 (0.27 to 0.37) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Female | African Region | 0 (0 to 0) | <.001 | 0.63 (0.62 to 0.64) | <.001 | 0.43 (0.3 to 0.55) | <.001 | 0.61 (0.58 to 0.65) | <.001 | ‐0.72 (‐0.78 to ‐0.66) | <.001 | 0.12 (0.1 to 0.14) | <.001 | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.22) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Both | African Region | 0 (‐0.01 to 0) | <.001 | 0.59 (0.58 to 0.61) | <.001 | 0.66 (0.53 to 0.79) | <.001 | 0.68 (0.63 to 0.74) | <.001 | ‐0.65 (‐0.71 to ‐0.59) | <.001 | 0.09 (0.07 to 0.11) | <.001 | 0.48 (0.43 to 0.54) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Male | Eastern Mediterranean Region | 0 (‐0.01 to 0) | .284 | 1.86 (1.8 to 1.93) | <.001 | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.87) | <.001 | 0.64 (0.51 to 0.78) | <.001 | ‐0.89 (‐0.9 to ‐0.87) | <.001 | 0.01 (‐0.02 to 0.03) | .612 | 0.2 (0.12 to 0.28) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Female | Eastern Mediterranean Region | 0 (0 to 0) | <.001 | 1.86 (1.83 to 1.89) | <.001 | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.87) | <.001 | 0.7 (0.63 to 0.78) | <.001 | ‐0.87 (‐0.89 to ‐0.85) | <.001 | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) | <.001 | 0.33 (0.29 to 0.37) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Both | Eastern Mediterranean Region | 0.01 (0 to 0.01) | <.001 | 1.86 (1.82 to 1.9) | <.001 | 0.78 (0.68 to 0.87) | <.001 | 0.59 (0.54 to 0.64) | <.001 | ‐0.9 (‐0.92 to ‐0.88) | <.001 | ‐0.02 (‐0.05 to 0) | .045 | 0.01 (‐0.12 to 0.14) | .869 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Male | European Region | 0.01 (0 to 0.02) | 0.026 | 1.92 (1.7 to 2.14) | <.001 | 0.17 (0.11 to 0.23) | <.001 | 0.79 (0.69 to 0.89) | <.001 | ‐0.21 (‐0.28 to ‐0.14) | <.001 | ‐2.12 (‐2.19 to ‐2.05) | <.001 | 0.37 (0.3 to 0.43) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Female | European Region | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.06) | <.001 | 1.75 (1.62 to 1.88) | <.001 | 0.2 (0.14 to 0.26) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.03) | <.001 | -0.21 (‐0.28 to ‐0.15) | <.001 | ‐2.18 (‐2.28 to ‐2.08) | <.001 | 0.35 (0.28 to 0.43) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Both | European Region | ‐0.01 (‐0.01 to 0) | .001 | 1.9 (1.79 to 2.02) | <.001 | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.21) | <.001 | 0.56 (0.5 to 0.62) | <.001 | ‐0.2 (‐0.28 to ‐0.12) | <.001 | ‐2 (‐2.08 to ‐1.91) | <.001 | 0.49 (0.4 to 0.58) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Male | Region of the Americas | ‐0.23 (‐0.26 to ‐0.19) | <.001 | 0.39 (0.27 to 0.51) | <.001 | ‐2.36 (‐2.46 to ‐2.26) | <.001 | ‐0.08 (‐0.16 to 0) | .039 | ‐0.74 (‐0.75 to ‐0.72) | <.001 | 0 (‐0.04 to 0.04) | .967 | 0.5 (0.47 to 0.52) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Female | Region of the Americas | ‐0.31 (‐0.35 to ‐0.26) | <.001 | 0.4 (0.24 to 0.57) | <.001 | ‐2.25 (‐2.34 to ‐2.16) | <.001 | ‐0.1 (‐0.18 to ‐0.02) | .018 | ‐0.75 (‐0.77 to ‐0.73) | <.001 | 0.04 (‐0.01 to 0.1) | .125 | 0.48 (0.44 to 0.51) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Both | Region of the Americas | 0.03 (‐0.02 to 0.07) | .217 | 0.39 (0.23 to 0.56) | <.001 | ‐2.5 (‐2.64 to ‐2.37) | <.001 | ‐0.05 (‐0.12 to 0.02) | .162 | ‐0.72 (‐0.73 to ‐0.7) | <.001 | ‐0.05 (‐0.1 to ‐0.01) | .022 | 0.56 (0.53 to 0.59) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Male | South-East Asia Region | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.05) | <.001 | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.08) | <.001 | 0.12 (‐0.07 to 0.31) | .218 | 0.48 (0.43 to 0.52) | <.001 | ‐0.31 (‐0.35 to ‐0.27) | <.001 | 0.13 (0.02 to 0.24) | .026 | 0.46 (0.42 to 0.49) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Female | South-East Asia Region | ‐0.01 (‐0.01 to ‐0.01) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.04) | <.001 | 0.27 (0.21 to 0.33) | <.001 | 0.47 (0.44 to 0.49) | <.001 | ‐0.29 (‐0.34 to ‐0.23) | <.001 | 0.11 (‐0.04 to 0.26) | .156 | 0.4 (0.37 to 0.43) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Both | South-East Asia Region | 0.03 (0.03 to 0.04) | <.001 | 0.97 (0.82 to 1.12) | <.001 | 0.04 (‐0.2 to 0.28) | .742 | 0.43 (0.36 to 0.49) | <.001 | ‐0.34 (‐0.37 to ‐0.3) | <.001 | 0.13 (‐0.02 to 0.28) | .083 | 0.42 (0.37 to 0.48) | <.001 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Male | Western Pacific Region | ‐0.01 (‐0.02 to ‐0.01) | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.08) | <.001 | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.14) | <.001 | 0.43 (0.28 to 0.58) | <.001 | ‐0.8 (‐0.84 to ‐0.76) | <.001 | 0.18 (0.08 to 0.27) | .001 | 0.2 (0.03 to 0.36) | .023 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Female | Western Pacific Region | ‐0.1 (‐0.11 to ‐0.09) | <.001 | 0.71 (0.52 to 0.9) | <.001 | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.37) | <.001 | 0.46 (0.29 to 0.63) | <.001 | ‐0.8 (‐0.85 to ‐0.75) | 0 | 0.2 (0.13 to 0.27) | <.001 | 0.14 (‐0.06 to 0.34) | .169 |
| Middle-aged and elderly | Prevalence | Both | Western Pacific Region | 0.04 (0.04 to 0.05) | <.001 | 1.1 (0.98 to 1.23) | <.001 | 0.84 (0.7 to 0.99) | <.001 | 0.31 (0.15 to 0.47) | <.001 | ‐0.77 (‐0.81 to ‐0.74) | <.001 | 0.11 (0.03 to 0.2) | .01 | 0.15 (0.06 to 0.24) | .001 |
NA represents the raw data that is missing from the GBD database to calculate the estimate.
AA = alopecia areata, CI = confidence interval, GBD = Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, IBD = inflammatory bowel disease, MS = multiple sclerosis, RA = rheumatoid arthritis, RHD = rheumatic heart disease, T1D = diabetes mellitus type 1.