Table 2.
Annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) in cardiogenic shock and sepsis-related mortality
| Category | Segment | APC (95% CI) | p-value | AAPC (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (Cardiogenic Shock and Sepsis Combined) | 1999–2009 | 0.41 (−1.26 to 2.10) | 0.616 | 5.39 (4.24 to 6.56) | < 0.001 |
| 2009–2021 | 10.68 (9.60 to 11.78) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2021–2023 | 0.08 (−9.30 to 10.44) | 0.986 | |||
| Cardiogenic Shock (Alone) | 1999–2004 | −7.70 (−8.86 to −6.53) | < 0.001 | 1.25 (0.75 to 1.75) | < 0.001 |
| 2004–2011 | −0.35 (−1.38 to 0.69) | 0.485 | |||
| 2011–2021 | 7.34 (6.88 to 7.81) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2021–2023 | 0.73 (−2.96 to 4.56) | 0.681 | |||
| Sepsis (Alone) | 1999–2018 | 0.10 (−0.16 to 0.36) | 0.427 | 0.33 (−0.73 to 1.40) | 0.545 |
| 2018–2021 | 8.14 (0.27 to 16.63) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2018–2023 | −8.38 (−14.84 to −1.42) | < 0.001 | |||
| By Sex | |||||
| Female | 1999–2010 | 0.49 (−1.16 to 2.17) | 0.54 | 5.35 (3.78 to 6.94) | < 0.001 |
| 2010–2015 | 13.01 (6.04 to 20.44) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2015–2023 | 7.59 (5.96 to 9.24) | < 0.001 | |||
| Male | 1999–2004 | −3.22 (−6.60 to 0.27) | 0.067 | 5.20 (3.84 to 6.58) | < 0.001 |
| 2004–2011 | 3.98 (1.46 to 6.56) | 0.005 | |||
| 2011–2016 | 14.03 (10.22 to 17.97) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2016–2021 | 9.03 (6.39 to 11.74) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2021–2023 | 0.94 (−5.53 to 7.86) | 0.761 | |||
| By Race | |||||
| NH-Black or African American | 1999–2003 | −8.58 (−13.57 to −3.30) | 0.004 | 4.64 (3.26 to 6.05) | < 0.001 |
| 2003–2010 | 3.76 (0.76 to 6.84) | 0.017 | |||
| 2010–2021 | 10.67 (9.73 to 11.62) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2021–2023 | 3.80 (−3.52 to 11.68) | 0.292 | |||
| NH-White | 1999–2001 | −6.86 (−25.24 to 16.03) | 0.499 | 4.88 (2.70 to 7.10) | < 0.001 |
| 2001–2009 | 1.25 (−1.63 to 4.22) | 0.371 | |||
| 2009–2021 | 10.50 (9.40 to 11.61) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2021–2023 | −0.60 (−10.32 to 10.16) | 0.901 | |||
| Hispanics or Latinos | 1999–2011 | −1.25 (−3.62 to 1.18) | −1.09 | 4.36 (2.48 to 6.28) | 4.88 (2.70 to 7.10) |
| 2011–2021 | 13.03 (10.64 to 15.47) | 12.08 | |||
| 2021–2023 | −2.44 (−16.04 to 13.37) | −0.35 | |||
| By Census Region | |||||
| Northeast | 1999–2001 | −11.81 (−27.39 to 7.11) | 0.187 | 4.07 (2.00 to 6.19) | < 0.001 |
| 2001–2012 | 2.53 (1.00 to 4.07) | 0.003 | |||
| 2012–2016 | 12.63 (4.47 to 21.43) | 0.004 | |||
| 2016–2023 | 6.78 (5.15 to 8.43) | < 0.001 | |||
| Midwest | 1999–2006 | −2.17 (−4.73 to 0.45) | 0.097 | 5.38 (3.90 to 6.87) | < 0.001 |
| 2006–2012 | 7.12 (2.70 to 11.73) | 0.004 | |||
| 2012–2020 | 11.93 (10.04 to 13.86) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2020–2023 | 3.26 (−1.50 to 8.24) | 0.167 | |||
| South | 1999–2009 | −0.78 (−2.17 to 0.63) | 0.255 | 5.16 (3.91 to 6.42) | < 0.001 |
| 2009–2015 | 15.01 (11.45 to 18.69) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2015–2021 | 8.14 (5.89 to 10.43) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2021–2023 | −1.19 (−8.87 to 7.15) | 0.756 | |||
| West | 1999–2009 | 1.10 (−1.62 to 3.90) | 0.413 | 6.53 (5.27 to 7.81) | < 0.001 |
| 2009–2023 | 10.59 (9.54 to 11.65) | < 0.001 | |||
| By Urbanization | |||||
| Urban | 1999–2003 | −3.68 (−6.99 to −0.25) | 0.039 | 4.79 (2.96 to 6.64) | < 0.001 |
| 2003–2009 | 2.28 (−0.15 to 4.76) | 0.063 | |||
| 2009–2012 | 6.52 (−3.37 to 17.43) | 0.173 | |||
| 2012–2015 | 15.16 (6.26 to 24.80) | 0.004 | |||
| 2015–2020 | 7.97 (6.52 to 9.45) | < 0.001 | |||
| Rural | 1999–2008 | −0.63 (−3.25 to 2.06) | 0.617 | 6.34 (4.59 to 8.12) | < 0.001 |
| 2008–2016 | 13.75 (10.51 to 17.08) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2016–2020 | 8.26 (3.34 to 13.42) | 0.003 | |||
| By Age Group | |||||
| Young Adults | 1999–2007 | 3.63 (−1.49 to 9.02) | 0.156 | 8.13 (5.71 to 10.62) | < 0.001 |
| 2007–2021 | 12.65 (10.97 to 14.35) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2021–2023 | −3.71 (−19.93 to 15.79) | 0.67 | |||
| Middle-Aged Adults | 1999–2007 | −0.51 (−3.31 to 2.36) | 0.708 | 6.50 (5.11 to 7.91) | < 0.001 |
| 2007–2021 | 12.17 (11.21 to 13.14) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2021–2023 | −2.71 (−12.92 to 8.69) | 0.608 | |||
| Older Adults | 1999–2009 | −0.19 (−1.69 to 1.33) | 0.794 | 4.68 (3.63 to 5.73) | < 0.001 |
| 2009–2021 | 9.50 (8.50 to 10.50) | < 0.001 | |||
| 2021–2023 | 1.36 (−7.37 to 10.92) | 0.755 | |||