Table 2.

Summary of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) elements included in the randomized controlled trials

Studies	Preoperative				Perioperative						Postoperative
	Preoperative Information/Counselling	Reduce Fasting Times	Carbohydrate Loading	No Bowel Preparation	Optimize Anesthesia Protocols	Multimodal Anesthesia	Avoidance of NG Tubes/Intra-abdominal Drains	Active prevention of hypothermia	Antimicrobial Prophylaxis	Narrow Incision Size	Urinary Catheter Removal	Early Progression to Food	Early Mobilization
Wang, 2019 [18]	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	–	–	✓	✓	✓
Sauro, 2024 [36]	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓
He, 2010	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Hu, 2012	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Aoyama, 2019 [16]	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Kim, 2012	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Liu, 2016	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Lee, 2020 [17]	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	–	✓	✓	✓
Tang, 2010	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓
Liu, 2014 [37]	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓
Wan, 2014 [32]	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓
Xia, 2017	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓
Xing, 2017	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Zhang, 2018	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓
WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee, 2016 [38]	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓
Swaminathan, 2020	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓
Tian, 2022 (Pro)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Tian, 2022 (Ran)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Tian, 2025	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Weindelmayer, 2025 [23]	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Gan, 2020 [48]	✓	–	–	✓	–	–	–	–	✓	✓	–	✓	✓
Zhou, 2021	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Kate, 2020	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓
Lu, 2020 [19]	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cao, 2021	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Lee, 2025	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Abdikarim, 2015 [15]	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓