Table 2.
The influence of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell extracellular vesicles on the rate of wound closure in different animal models
| EV source | Animal/wound model | EV dose | EV effect | Signalling pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD-MSCs |
Minipig (full-thickness excisional skin wound, 30 mm x 30 mm) Mice (dermal filler model) |
Minipigs: 4.0 × 10¹⁰ particles/ml, 3 times a week Mice: 1.4 × 10⁹ particles/ml, given once |
acceleration of wound healing | - | Lee et al. 2023 [29] |
| UC-MSCs | Rats (8 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | ND | acceleration of wound healing by 95–100% | - | Tang et al. 2023 [36] |
| UC-MSCs | Mice (12 mm full-thickness excisional skin excisional wound) | 200 µg protein/µl, every other day for eight days | acceleration of wound healing by 90% | ITCH/JUNB/IRE1α | Cheng et al. 2020 [37] |
| WJ-MSCs |
Rats (8 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) Mice (full-thickness incisional skin wounds, ulceration created) |
Rats: 2 × 10⁸ EVs/rat, daily for three days after the procedure. Mice: 1 × 10⁸ EVs/ mouse, daily for three days after the procedure |
↑ re-epithelialization ↓ wound area size |
- | Kim et al. 2023 [46] |
| UC-MSCs | Rats (10 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 100 µg protein, single topical application | acceleration of wound healing | - | Yang et al. [30] |
| WJ-MSCs | Mice (8 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 1 × 10⁹ particles/ml, | ↓ of wound size | - | Kim et al., 2023 [31] |
| BM-MSCs |
Diabetic mice (8 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) Rats (12 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) |
50 µg protein, single dose on the third day after procedure |
Mice: greater wound closure Rats: No statistically significant difference in wound closure |
- | Born et al. 2022 [32] |
| AD-MSCs | Mice (2 × 1,5 cm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 100 µg protein/ml, daily for 2 weeks | acceleration of wound healing by 90% | - | Liao et al. 2022 [34] |
| AD-MSCs | Diabetic rats (10 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 100 µg protein/ml, single application | ↑ in wound closure rate | PI3K-AKT-mTOR-HIF-1a | Liu et al. 2021 [35] |
| UC-MSCs | Mice (6 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 7 × 1010 particles/ml, single application | acceleration of wound healing by 75–100% | - | Lu et al. 2024 [45] |
| UCB-MSCs | Rats (8 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 20 µg protein/10 µl, frequency of administration not specified | acceleration of wound healing by 93% | - | Sung et al. 2019 [47] |
| P-MSCs | Mice (10 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 4,56 × 1010 particles/ml, every other day for two weeks | acceleration of wound healing by 80–100% | - | Su et al. 2023 [39] |
| UC-MSCs | Rats (20 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 50 µg protein/10 µl, single application | acceleration of wound healing by 90–100% | - | Wu et al. 2024 [43] |
AD-MSCs Adipose tissue Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, UC-MSCs Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, WJ-MSCs Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, ITCH/JUNB/IRE1α Signalling pathway, ITCH Itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, IRE1α inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, JUNB transcription factor; full-thickness excisional skin wound - damage affecting the entire thickness of the skin – from the epidermis, through the entire layer of the dermis, to the border with the subcutaneous tissue with causing a loss of tissue volume; full-thickness incisional skin wounds - an incisional wound is a type of full thickness wound that is created by a surgical blade or another sharp instrument during a surgical procedure, such as a scalpel, which cuts or parts the tissue without causing a loss of tissue volume, ND no data, ↑ increased, ↓ reduced