Table 3.
The influence of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell extracellular vesicles on the angiogenesis process
| EV source | Target cells | EV dose | Test* | EV effect | Signalling pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WJ-MSCs | HUVECs | 5 × 10⁸ particles/ml |
Tube formation assay ELISA |
↑ number of vascular structures ↑ expression of VEGF, Ang-1, Ang-2 |
- | Kim et al. 2023 [46] |
| AD-MSCs | HUVECs | 100 µg protein/ml |
Tube formation assay ELISA |
restoration of the length of the tubular structures activating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR-HIF-1α signalling pathway |
PI3K-AKT-mTOR-HIF-1α | Liu et al. 2021 [35] |
| UC-MSCs | HUVECs | ND | Test Matrigel |
↑ the length of tubular structures ↑ GSH and MDA level |
- | Lu et al. 2024 [45] |
| UC-MSCs | HUVECs | 1 × 10¹⁰ particles/ml |
Tube formation assay qRT-PCR Western blot |
↑ in the number of coil nodes ↑ in VEGF factor expression level ↑ in VEGF protein level |
- | Wu et al. 2024 [43] |
| P-MSCs | HCEs | 100 µg protein/ml | qRT-PCR | ↓ in VEGF, MMP2, MMP9 expression levels | - | Tao et al. 2019 [33] |
| HF-MSCs | HUVECs | 2 × 10¹¹ particles/ml | Tube formation assay |
↑ number of vascular structures higher number of branching points |
- | Heras et al. 2022 [38] |
| UCB-MSCs | HUVECs | 20 µg protein/10 µl | Tube formation assay | ↑ number of vascular structures | - | Sung et al. 2019 [47] |
| P-MSCs | HECFCs | 2 × 109 particles/ml |
Tube formation assay qRT-PCR |
↑ number of vascular structures ↑ expression of Ang-2 |
- | Hao et al. 2021 [41] |
| FS-MSCs | HUVECs | 50 µg protein/ml | Tube formation assay | ↑ number of vascular structures | - | Xu et al. 2024 [44] |
WJ-MSCs Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, AD-MSCs Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, UC-MSCs Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, P-MSCs Placental Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, HF-MSCs Hair Follicle Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, FS-MSC Foreskin Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, HUVECs Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, HCEs Human Corneal Epithelial Cells, HECFCs human endothelial colony forming cells, VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Ang 1 Angiopoietin 1, Ang-2 Angiopoietin-2, PI3K-AKT-mTOR-HIF-1α Signalling pathway involved in regulation of angiogenesis and wound healing, GSH reduced glutathione, MDA malondialdehyde, MMP2 Matrix Metalloproteinases 2, MMP9 Matrix Metalloproteinases 9, ND no data, ↑ increased, ↓ decreased, *The principles underlying the applied tests are summarized in Supplementary Table 2