Table 5.

Influence of mesenchymal stem/stromal extracellular vesicles on the immune response in different cell types

EV source	Target cells	EV dose	Test*	EV effect	References
AD-MSCs	HCEs	100 µg protein/ml	PCR	↓ in expression levels of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-10 and Cas-8 increased in expression level of IL-10	Tao et al. 2019 [33]
WJ-MSCs	RAW 264.7	1 × 10⁹ particles/ml	Griess test ELISA	reduced the level of NO reduced the level of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α	Kim et al. 2023 [31]
WJ-MSCs	RAW264.7	5 × 10⁸ particles/ml	ELISA Griess test flow cytometry	↓ in expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, ↑ in expression level of IL-10 reduced the level of nitric oxide ↓ in expression level of CD80 marker ↑ expression level of CD206 marker	Kim et al. 2023 [46]
AD-MSCs	HDFs	ND	qPCR	↓ expression level of IL-6 reduction of apoptotic cells	Lin et al. 2023 [40]
UC-MSCs	neutrophils	ND	flow cytometry	inhibition of NETs formation	Lu et al. 2024 [45]
P-MSCs	HECFCs	1 × 109 particles/ml	qPCR	↓ IFN-γ gene expression ↑ level of IL10	Hao et al. 2021 [41]
FS-MSCs	RAW264.7	100 µg protein/ml	flow cytometry	induction of macrophage phenotypic change from M1 to M2	Xu et al. 2024 [44]

AD-MSCs Adipose tissue Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, WJ-MSCs Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, HCEs Human Corneal Epithelial Cells, RAW264.7 Macrophages , HDFs Human Dermal Fibroblasts, IL-1β Interleukin-1 beta, IL-8 Interleukin-8, IL-6 Interleukin-6, TNF-α Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, NF-κB Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, IL-10 Interleukin-10, IFN-γ interferon gamma, Cas-8 Caspase-8, NO Nitric Oxide, macrophage phenotype M1 - proinflammatory; macrophage phenotype M2 - anti-inflammatory/repairing, NETs Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, ND no data, ↑ increased, ↓ decreased, *The principles underlying the applied tests are summarized in Supplementary Table 2