Table 6.
Effect of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell extracellular vesicles on the immune response in different animal models
| EV source | Animal/wound model | EV dose | EV effect | Signalling pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UCB-MSCs | Rats (8 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 20 µg protein/10 µl, frequency of administration not specified | ↓ expression of TNF-α, IL-6 | - | Sung et al. 2019 [47] |
| WJ-MSCs | Mice (full-thickness incisional skin wounds, ulceration created) | 1 × 10⁸ EVs/ mouse, daily for three days after the procedure |
↓ expression of IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-α ↑ expression of IL-10 |
- | Kim et al. 2023 [46] |
| AD-MSCs | Mice (corneal alkaline burn) | 100 µg protein/ml, three times a day/3 weeks |
↓ expression of IL-1β, TNF-α |
- | Tao et al. 2019 [33] |
| UC-MSCs | Rats (10 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 100 µg protein, single topical application | reduce signs of inflammation | - | Yang et al. 2020 [30] |
| AD-MSCs |
Minipig (full-thickness excisional skin wound, 30 mm x 30 mm) Mice (dermal filler model) |
Minipigs: 4 × 10¹⁰ particles/ml, 3 times a week Mice:1.4 × 10⁹ particles/ml, given once |
reduce signs of inflammation | - | Lee et al. 2023 [29] |
| UC-MSCs | Rats (8 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | ND | reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration | - | Tang et al. 2023 [36] |
| UC-MSCs | Mice (6 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 7 × 1010 particles/ml, single application | inhibition of NETs formation | - | Lu et al. 2024 [45] |
| P-MSCs | Mice (hind limb ischemia) | 1 × 10¹¹ particles/ml, single injection |
induction of macrophage phenotypic change from M1 to M2 reduce signs of inflammation |
- | Hao et al. 2022 [41] |
UCB-MSCs Umbilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, WJ-MSCs Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal cells, AD-MSCs Adipose tissue Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, UC-MSCs Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, TNF-α Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; IL-6 - Interleukin-6, IL-1b Interleukin-1 beta, IL-10 Interleukin-10; macrophage phenotype M1 - proinflammatory; macrophage phenotype M2 - anti-inflammatory/repairing, NETs Neutrophil Extracellular Traps; full-thickness excisional skin wound - damage affecting the entire thickness of the skin – from the epidermis, through the entire layer of the dermis, to the border with the subcutaneous tissue with causing a loss of tissue volume; full-thickness incisional skin wounds - an Incisional wound is a type of full thickness wound that is created by a surgical blade or another sharp instrument during a surgical procedure, such as a scalpel, which cuts or parts the tissue without causing a loss of tissue volume, ND no data, ↑ increased, ↓ decreased