Table 7.

Effect of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell extracellular vesicles on extracellular matrix remodelling, in vitro studies

EV source	Target cells	EV dose	Test*	EV effect	Signalling pathway	Reference
AD-MSCs	HDFs	1.5 × 10¹⁰ particles/ml	Procollagen Type 1 C-peptide (PIP) test qRT-PCR	↑ collagen synthesis ↑ in expression levels of COL1A1, COL3A1, α-SMA, FGF2 and ELN	-	Lee et al. 2023 [29]
AD-MSCs	HDFs	100 µg protein/ml	Western blot Picrosirius red staining RT-qPCR	↑ in expression levels of COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1 ↑ collagen synthesis	-	Lin et al. 2023 [40]
UC-MSCs	HaCaT HSFs	10 µg protein	Western blot RT-qPCR	↓ expression of ubiquitin ligase (ITCH) ↑ JUNB and IRE1α proteins levels	ITCH/JUNB/IRE1α	Cheng et al. 2020 [37]
P-MSCs	HECFCs	5 × 10⁷ particles/ml	NTA	↑ EVs adhesion to the type I collagen surface	-	Hao et al. 2022 [41]
AD-MSCs	HCEs	100 µg protein/ml	RT-qPCR H&E	reduced levels of MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA organization of the matrix structure in the proper layer of the cornea	-	Tao et al. 2019 [33]

AD-MSCs Adipose tissue Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, UC-MSCs Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, P-MSCs Placental Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, HDFs Human Dermal Fibroblasts, HaCaT Human immortal keratinocyte line, HSFs Human Skin Fibroblasts, HECFCs Human Endothelial Colony Forming Cells, NTA Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, RT-qPCR Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, COL1A1 Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain, COL1A2 Collagen Type I Alpha 2 Chain, COL3A1 Collagen Type III Alpha 1 Chain, α-SMA Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin, FGF2 Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, ELN Elastin, ITCH Itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, IRE1α inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, JUNB transcription factor, MMP2 Matrix Metalloproteinases 2, MMP9 Matrix Metalloproteinases 9, ND no data, ↑ increased, ↓ decreased; *The principles underlying the applied tests are summarized in Supplementary Table 2