Table 8.
Effect of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell extracellular vesicles on ECM remodelling in different types of animal models
| EV source | Animal/wound model | EV dose | EV effect | Signalling pathway | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-MSCs | Mice (10 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 4.56 × 10¹⁰ particles/ml, every two days/two weeks | reducing the number of aging fibroblasts | - | Su et al. 2023 [39] |
| AD-MSCs | Diabetic rats (10 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 100 µg protein/ml, single application | ↑ collagen volume fraction | PI3K-AKT-mTOR-HIF-1a |
Liu et al. 2021 [35] |
| AD-MSCs | Mice (corneal alkaline burn) | 100 µg protein/ml, three times a day/3 weeks |
reduced levels of MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA more regular arrangement of the corneal matrix |
- | Tao et al. 2019 [33] |
| AD-MSCs |
Minipig (full-thickness excisional skin wound, 30 mm x 30 mm) Mice (dermal filler model) |
Minipigs: 4.0 × 10¹⁰ particles/ml, 3 times a week Mice:1.4 × 10⁹ particles/ml, single application |
↑ levels of type III collagen thicker layers of tissue |
- |
Lee et al. 2023 [29] |
| WJ-MSCs | Mice (8 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 1 × 10⁹ particles/ml, single application | ↑ collagen volume fraction | - | Kim et al. 2023 [31] |
| UC-MSCs | Rats (8 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | ND | ↑ collagen volume fraction | - | Tang et al. 2023 [36] |
| UC-MSCs | Mice (12 mm full-thickness excisional skin excisional wound) | 200 µg protein/µl, every other day for eight days | induction of bigger collagen fiber formation | ITCH/JUNB/IRE1α | Cheng et al. 2020 [37] |
| P-MSCs | Mice (hind limb ischemia) | 1 × 10¹¹ particles/ml, single injection | ↑ collagen volume fraction | - | Hao et al. 2022 [41] |
| UC-MSCs | Rats (20 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 50 µg protein/10 µl, single application |
greater and more extensive collagen deposition reduction of scar formation |
- | Wu et al. 2024 [43] |
| FS-MSCs | Diabetic mice (6 mm full-thickness excisional skin wounds) | 200 µg protein/mice, daily in the form of a solution | ↑ collagen volume fraction | - | Xu et al. 2024 [44] |
P-MSCs Placental Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, AD-MSCs Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, MMP2 Matrix Metalloproteinases 2, MMP9 Matrix Metalloproteinases 9, PI3K-AKT-mTOR-HIF-1a Signalling pathway involved in regulation of angiogenesis and wound healing, full-thickness excisional skin wound - damage affecting the entire thickness of the skin – from the epidermis, through the entire layer of the dermis, to the border with the subcutaneous tissue with causing a loss of tissue volume, ND no data, ↑ increased