Fig. 2. Results of frequentist random-effects network meta-analysis evaluating the effect of eligible interventions on change scores for International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). (A) Network diagram, indicating characteristics and connectedness of included studies; points indicate the number of studies assessing each intervention, while arcs represent direct comparisons between interventions. (B) Forest plot depicting estimated change scores for each intervention. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is applied as a reference, with an effect size computed using pooled meta-analysis specific to TURP. Treatment hierarchies are established at right using 200,000 frequentist simulations to estimate mean rank and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) score. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval, Mean diff: mean difference from baseline, PAE: prostatic arterial embolization, PUL: prostatic urethral lift, TIND: temporarily implanted nitinol device system, TUMT: transurethral microwave thermotherapy, TUNA: transurethral needle ablation, US-TPLA: ultrasound-guided transperineal laser ablation.