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. 2025 Dec 11;26:96. doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-07497-8

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Individual patient trajectories (spaghetti plots) showing DIAGNOdent values over 6 months for all study participants. Each thin colored line represents an individual patient (n = 10 per group); thick dark lines indicate group means. A Control group shows consistent deterioration across all patients. B CPP-ACP group demonstrates uniform improvement. C nHAp group exhibits the greatest and most consistent reduction. D Fluoride varnish group displays characteristic biphasic response pattern with temporary worsening at 3 months in most patients before final improvement