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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 15.
Published in final edited form as: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2025 Sep 18;130(5):1047–1061. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000576

Table 1.

Associations between temperament traits averaged across age 10-16 predicting age 26 personality traits.

Temperament trait Personality Trait
Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Extraversion Openness
Affiliation .52 .19 −.10 .21 .40
Effortful Control .50 .42 −.31 .26 .36
Negative Emotionality −.11 −.24 .40 −.30 −.18
Surgency .05 .10 −.18 .29 .14

Note. Effects are standardized regression coefficients. Bolded values = p-value < .01; bolded and underlined = associations ≥ .30; grey cells = analogous trait associatio