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. 2025 Nov 21;18(1):1–21. doi: 10.1038/s44321-025-00344-x

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A) Venous malformation of the left face (arrowhead, MRI scan). (B) Cervical lymphatic malformation (arrowhead, MRI scan). (C) Extracranial supraclavicular arteriovenous malformation (arrowheads; upper panel, angio-CT scan; lower panel, angiography). Table. Most common variant genes found in vascular malformations (non-exhaustive list). BRBN blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome, CCM cerebral cavernous malformation, CM-AVM capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome, HHT hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, MCAP megalencephaly-capillary malformation-polymicrogyria syndrome, PHTS PTEN-hamartoma tumor syndrome, PROS PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum. Images courtesy of Dr Antoine Fraissenon (Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France).