Table 1.
Step 1 and Step 2 instruments and local adaptations.
| Domain | Step 1 items (ICOPE) | Step 2 reference (app default) | Local adaptations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognition | 3-word recall + orientation | GPCOG[18] | + Clock-drawing[19] in Step 1; + MoCA[20] alongside GPCOG in Step 2 |
| Mobility | 5 chair-rises ≤ 14 s | SPPB[21] | — |
| Nutrition / Vitality | Weight loss + ↓ appetite | MNA-SF[22] | + BMI item in Step 1 |
| Vision | Self-reported visual problems | Snellen chart | Step 1 wording changed to “uncorrected” visual problems |
| Hearing | Whisper test (0.6 m)[23] | Pure-tone audiometry | — |
| Mood | 2 PHQ-9 items (yes/no) | PHQ-9 (non-frequency) [24] | Step 2 replaced by full, frequency-anchored PHQ-9 |
Note: Step 1 items were drawn from the WHO ICOPE Mobile App (clinician version). Local adaptations were introduced progressively in response to feasibility feedback from field implementation.