Table 2. MXenes in electrolytes.

MXene (form)	Electrolyte family	Cell/context	MXene's role	Electrochemical performance (capacity, mAh g−1)	Ref.
Ti3C2Tx (additive, dispersed)	Aqueous ZnSO4 (2 M)	Zn∥V2O5 full cell; Zn∥Zn symmetric	Interfacial mediator; Zn2+ flux homogenization; SEI stabilization	326.4 mAh g−1@1 A g−1 (initial); 192.9 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles; rate: 390.9 → 190.5 mAh g−1 (0.2 → 4 A g−1)	47
Ti3C2Tx in PVDF-HFP GPE with IL (EMIMBF4/Zn(OTF)2)	Ionic-liquid gel polymer	Na3V2(PO4)3∥Na full-cell demo; Zn∥Zn symmetric (separate)	Controls Zn2+ transport; suppresses parasitic reactions; smooth deposits	326.4 mAh g−1@1 A g−1 (initial); 192.9 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles; rate: 390.9 → 190.5 mAh g−1 (0.2→4 A g−1)	151
OH-functionalized Ti3C2Tx in PVA-KOH GPE	Alkaline gel polymer	Zn–air	Water-binding 3D network; zincophilic scaffold	σ ∼ 77.6 mS cm−1; stable cycling ∼160 h	143
Ti3C2Tx-g-PMA in PVDF-HFP SPE	Solid polymer	Solid-state Zn	Reduced crystallinity; anion regulation; reinforced matrix	σ(25 °C) ∼ 2.69 × 10−4 S cm−1; Zn∥Zn > 1000 h	170
Ti3C2Tx in PEO-SN SPE	Solid polymer	Li metal	High σ via co-matrix + MXene; robust Li interface	151.7 mAh g−1; 99.3% retention after 300 cycles	172
				σ(35 °C) ∼ 2.17 × 10−3 S cm−1; long-term Li∥Li
IL-grafted MXene (MXene-IL) in PEO SPE	Solid polymer	Li metal/LFP	Selective cation transport; widened ESW; passivated interphase	154.8 mAh g−1 over 120 cycles	97
ZIF-8@MXene in PEO composite	Polymer–ceramic composite	Li metal/LFP	“Bridge” between phases; fast-ion channels; flame retardance	σ ∼ 4.4 mS cm−1; t+ ∼ 0.76; Li∥Li ∼2000 h; LFP retention 89.6%/500 cycles	153
MXene/PAN nanofibers + LLZTO in PEO	Polymer–ceramic composite	Li metal	Compliant scaffold; improved contact; higher CCD	σ ∼ 10−4 S cm−1 (RT); tensile ∼2.37 MPa; extended life	152
3D/coaxially confined MXenes in PAN (C-MX SPE)	Architected SPE	Li metal/flexible	Directional Li+ highways; anion immobilization	σ(25 °C) 3.07 × 10−3 S cm−1; t+(Li) 0.72; Li∥Li 2000 h	185