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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 19.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Protoc. 2024 Feb 2;19(5):1311–1347. doi: 10.1038/s41596-023-00948-y

Fig. 2 |. Imaging subcellular lactate metabolism under various nutritional conditions.

Fig. 2 |

a, General overview of the procedure for imaging subcellular lactate metabolism under various nutritional conditions. b, Ratiometric fluorescence images of HEK-293 cells expressing FiLa family sensors in the cytosol (top), nucleus (middle) and mitochondria (bottom). Cells were cultured under different nutritional conditions. Scale bars, 10 μm. c,d, Quantification of FiLa expressed in the cytosol/nucleus (c) and FiLa-L expressed in the mitochondria (d) of HEK-293 cells (n = 20). Data are presented as the mean ± s.d. (c and d).