Table 2.

IL-1α, β-endorphin, and leptin concentrations in the colostrum and transitional milk of smoker compared with nonsmoker mothers.

	Colostrum		Transitional milk
	Smokera	Nonsmokerb	Smokerc	Nonsmokerd	p-Value
IL-1α (ng/L)	17.2 ± 4.0	38.4 ± 7.4	14.4 ± 5.2	21.7 ± 12.5	a vs. b*
β-Endorphin (ng/L)	353.5 ± 29.1	317.5 ± 27.6	152.8 ± 26.5	127.7 ± 2.3	a vs. c** b vs. d**
Leptin (μg/L)	1.6 ± 0.3	1.5 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.1	a vs. c* b vs. d**

Data are presented as mean ± SE, or p-value from Mann-Whitney U-test.

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01.