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. 2026 Jan 5;15:1606453. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606453

Table 1.

Comparison of baseline data between two groups of children.

Variables GDD(n=26) HC(n=59) Statistic P
Age(years) 3.00 ± 1.30 3.03 ± 1.29 0.112 0.911
BMI(Kg/m2) 21.31 ± 1.87 22.51 ± 0.85 0.034 0.830
Gender χ²=0.696 0.404
Male 19(73.1%) 37(62.7%)
Female 7(26.9%) 22(37.3%)
Delivery mode 1.539 0.226
Caesarean section 20(76.9%) 49(83.1%)
Natural childbirth 6(23.1%) 10(16.9%)
Family residence 0.056 0.840
Rural area 12(46.2%) 39(66.1%)
Town 14(53.8%) 20(33.9%)
Feeding type 0.065 0.799
Breast feeding 14(53.8%) 30(50.8%)
Artificial feeding 12(46.2%) 29(49.2%)
Dietary supplement 0.222 0.638
Use 12(46.2%) 24(40.7%)
Not use 14(53.8%) 35(59.3%)

Categorical variables are presented as numbers (percentages) [n (%)], and comparisons between groups were performed using the Chi square test. Continuous variables that conform to a normal distribution are represented as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD), and inter group comparisons are conducted using independent sample t-test (Continuous variables conforming to a normal distribution are presented as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD)) SD), and inter-group comparisons were analyzed using the independent samples t-test)。 P<0.05 is considered statistically significant. The use of dietary supplements “is defined as any commercial nutritional supplements beyond normal diet, such as multivitamins, vitamin D, calcium, iron, or omega-3 fatty acids, that are currently regularly consumed outside of normal diet, as reported by the guardians. GDD, Global Developmental Delay; HC, Healthy control group.