Table 1.
HIV-associated cardiovascular abnormalities
| Type | Possible aetiologies and associations | Incidence |
|---|---|---|
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | HIV, Toxoplasma gondii, coxsackievirus group B, Epstein—Barr virus, cytomegalvirus, adenovirus, autoimmune response to infection | Estimated 15.9 patients/1000 asymptomatic HIV-infected persons (Ref. 4) |
| Cocaine, possibly nucleoside analogues, IL-2, doxorubicin, interferon | ||
| Nutritional deficiency/wasting; selenium, B12, carnitine | ||
| Thyroid hormone, growth hormone, adrenal insufficiency; hyperinsulinaemia | ||
| TNF-α, nitric oxide, TGF-β, endothelin-1 | ||
| Hypothermia/hyperthermia, autonomic insufficiency | ||
| Encephalopathy | ||
| Acquired immunodeficiency, HIV viral load, length of immunosuppression | ||
| Coronary heart disease/arterial hypertension | Protease-inhibitor-induced metabolic and coagulative disorders | |
| HIV-induced endothelial dysfunction | ||
| Erythropoietin-induced increase of haematocrit and blood viscosity | ||
| Vasculitis | ||
| Pericardial effusion | Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Proteus, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, enterococcus, Listeria | 11% per year in AIDS (Ref. 27) Spontaneous resolution in up to 42% (Ref. 27) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium intercellulare, M. kansasii | ||
| HIV, Herpes simplex virus, Herpes simplex virus type 2, cytomegalovirus | ||
| Cryptococcus, Toxoplasma, Histoplasma | ||
| Kaposi's sarcoma, | ||
| Capillary leak/wasting/malnutrition | ||
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Prolonged immunodeficiency | ||
| Isolated right ventricular and pulmonary disease | Recurrent bronchopulmonary infections, pulmonary arteritis, microvascular pulmonary emboli due to thrombus or drug injection | |
| Primary pulmonary hypertension | Plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy; mediator release from endothelium | 0.5% (Ref. 24) |