Table 21.
Ablation study on CICIDS-2017 dataset.
| Configuration | Accuracy (%) | F1-score | Latency (ms) |
|---|---|---|---|
| GRU baseline | 89.4 | 0.87 | 17 |
| + BiGRU (stacked) | 91.2 | 0.89 | 18 |
| + BiGRU + Attention | 93.5 | 0.92 | 19 |
| + BiGRU + Attention + GWO | 95.6 | 0.95 | 22 |
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