Skip to main content
. 2025 Dec 26;16:2308. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32029-3

Table 2.

Virtual reality field testing metrics across groups.

Test category Group MD (dB) PSD (dB) FS (dB) Duration (minutes)
Mode Monocular − 0.12 ± 1.39 2.39 ± 1.15 33.70 ± 1.34 3.28 ± 1.35
Binocular − 0.50 ± 1.39 2.65 ± 1.5 33.57 ± 1.35 3.27 ± 1.35
Algorithm Game-based 0.22 ± 1.03* 2.21 ± 0.84 33.67 ± 1.56 4.55 ± 0.80*
HVF-equivalent − 0.74 ± 2.03* 2.78 ± 1.6 33.61 ± 1.13 2.20 ± 0.52*
Order First − 0.23 ± 1.4 2.46 ± 1.21 33.6 ± 1.66 3.32 ± 1.37
Second − 0.39 ± 1.95 2.58 ± 1.47 33.77 ± 1.22 3.28 ± 1.37
Strabismus type Esotropia − 0.65 ± 2.00 2.58 ± 1.57 33.73 ± 1.03 3.48 ± 1.35
Exotropia − 0.02 ± 1.36 2.56 ± 1.29 33.64 ± 1.35 3.10 ± 1.33
Fixation Fixating eye − 0.74 ± 2.08 2.45 ± 1.22 33.17 ± 1.27 2.94 ± 0.95
Non-fixating eye − 0.34 ± 2.52 2.18 ± 0.77 33.83 ± 0.94 2.95 ± 0.93
Alternate fixation − 0.22 ± 1.46 2.6 ± 1.46 33.69 ± 1.43 3.39 ± 1.46

Asterisk (*) represents comparisons from multivariate analysis that were significantly different between marked groups within a test category; P < 0.05. Values represent mean ± standard deviation.

HVF = Humphrey visual field; MD = Mean deviation; PSD = Pattern standard deviation; FS = Foveal sensitivity.