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. 2025 Dec 12;24:9. doi: 10.1186/s12955-025-02464-x

Table 2.

Estimated coefficients (standard errors) of the fitted models on DCE-TTO data

Variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
Coef. SE Coef. SE Coef. SE Coef. SE Coef. SE Coef. SE
Duration 0.308*** 0.011 0.309*** 0.010 0.310*** 0.011 0.294*** 0.014 0.519*** 0.023 0.531*** 0.023
Activity (I enjoyed what I did)
 AC2 0.017** 0.006 0.000 NA 0.000 NA 0.000 NA 0.023** 0.009 0.000 NA
 AC3 -0.005 0.006 -0.015** 0.005 -0.016** 0.005 -0.017** 0.005 -0.017* 0.008 -0.029*** 0.007
 AC4 -0.010 0.005 -0.017*** 0.005 -0.018*** 0.005 -0.014** 0.005 -0.022** 0.008 -0.035*** 0.007
 AC5 -0.053*** 0.007 -0.063*** 0.007 -0.063*** 0.007 -0.013 0.015 -0.095*** 0.011 -0.116*** 0.010
Belonging and relationship (I felt lonely)
 BE2 -0.017** 0.006 -0.009 0.005 -0.009 0.006 0.001 0.006 -0.025** 0.009 -0.021* 0.009
 BE3 -0.022*** 0.006 -0.014* 0.006 -0.014* 0.006 0.000 0.007 -0.033*** 0.009 -0.030** 0.009
 BE4 -0.051*** 0.006 -0.041*** 0.006 -0.041*** 0.005 -0.035*** 0.006 -0.077*** 0.009 -0.074*** 0.009
 BE5 -0.062*** 0.006 -0.057*** 0.005 -0.056*** 0.006 -0.067*** 0.015 -0.104*** 0.009 -0.104*** 0.010
Choice, control, and autonomy (I felt unable to cope)
 CH2 -0.030*** 0.005 -0.025*** 0.005 -0.025*** 0.005 -0.034*** 0.005 -0.048*** 0.008 -0.045*** 0.007
 CH3 -0.010 0.006 -0.025*** 0.005 -0.025*** 0.005 -0.034*** 0.005 -0.034*** 0.008 -0.045*** 0.007
 CH4 -0.049*** 0.005 -0.050*** 0.005 -0.050*** 0.005 -0.052*** 0.005 -0.090*** 0.008 -0.086*** 0.008
 CH5 -0.055*** 0.007 -0.060*** 0.007 -0.059*** 0.007 -0.089*** 0.015 -0.091*** 0.011 -0.099*** 0.011
Hope (I thought my life was not worth living)
 HO2 -0.035*** 0.005 -0.033*** 0.005 -0.033*** 0.005 -0.026*** 0.006 -0.046*** 0.008 -0.038*** 0.008
  HO3 -0.029*** 0.007 -0.047*** 0.005 -0.047*** 0.005 -0.061*** 0.006 -0.042*** 0.010 -0.038*** 0.008
 HO4 -0.060*** 0.006 -0.047*** 0.005 -0.047*** 0.005 -0.061*** 0.006 -0.094*** 0.009 -0.091*** 0.009
 HO5 -0.054*** 0.006 -0.055*** 0.006 -0.055*** 0.006 -0.115*** 0.014 -0.100*** 0.010 -0.103*** 0.010
Self-perception (I felt confident in myself)
 SE2 -0.009 0.006 -0.001 0.005 -0.001 0.005 0.009 0.005 -0.012 0.009 -0.004 0.009
 SE3 -0.010 0.006 -0.001 0.005 -0.001 0.005 0.009 0.005 -0.025** 0.009 -0.019** 0.007
 SE4 -0.003 0.006 -0.001 0.005 -0.001 0.005 0.009 0.005 -0.016* 0.008 -0.019** 0.007
 SE5 -0.054*** 0.005 -0.048*** 0.005 -0.048*** 0.005 0.001 0.013 -0.086*** 0.009 -0.088*** 0.009
Well-being (I felt happy)
 WE2 0.000 0.006 0.000 NA 0.000 NA 0.000 NA 0.007 0.010 0.000 NA
 WE3 -0.024*** 0.006 -0.023*** 0.005 -0.023*** 0.005 -0.015** 0.005 -0.048*** 0.009 -0.051*** 0.008
 WE4 -0.031*** 0.005 -0.037*** 0.004 -0.038*** 0.004 -0.039*** 0.005 -0.056*** 0.008 -0.060*** 0.007
 WE5 -0.074*** 0.006 -0.074*** 0.005 -0.074*** 0.005 -0.081*** 0.014 -0.120*** 0.010 -0.124*** 0.009
Physical health item
 PH2 -0.038*** 0.006 -0.041*** 0.006 -0.040*** 0.006 -0.029*** 0.007 -0.056*** 0.009 -0.058*** 0.009
 PH3 -0.085*** 0.006 -0.086*** 0.006 -0.086*** 0.006 -0.077*** 0.007 -0.136*** 0.010 -0.132*** 0.010
 PH4 -0.176*** 0.006 -0.177*** 0.007 -0.177*** 0.007 -0.177*** 0.007 -0.289*** 0.013 -0.295*** 0.013
 PH5 -0.201*** 0.007 -0.205*** 0.007 -0.204*** 0.008 -0.203*** 0.016 -0.349*** 0.015 -0.358*** 0.015
Interaction terms
 N5 -0.001 0.006
 Duration: AC5: BE5 -0.003 0.003
 Duration: AC5: CH5 0.008 0.004
 Duration: AC5: HO5 0.001 0.005
 Duration: AC5: SE5 0.003 0.003
 Duration: AC5: WE5 -0.001 0.004
 Duration: AC5: PH5 0.019*** 0.005
 Duration: BE5: CH5 0.001 0.004
 Duration: BE5: HO5 0.004 0.003
 Duration: BE5: SE5 -0.006* 0.003
 Duration: BE5: WE5 -0.014*** 0.004
 Duration: BE5: PH5 0.009* 0.004
 Duration: CH5: HO5 -0.018*** 0.003
 Duration: CH5: SE5 0.018*** 0.004
 Duration: CH5: WE5 0.009* 0.004
 Duration: CH5: PH5 -0.021*** 0.006
 Duration: HO5: SE5 0.016*** 0.003
 Duration: HO5: WE5 -0.012*** 0.003
 Duration: HO5: PH5 -0.014** 0.004
 Duration: SE5: WE5 -0.004 0.003
 Duration: SE5: PH5 0.008* 0.003
 Duration: WE5: PH5 0.007 0.004
AIC 17576.46 17620.82 17622.76 17526.35 16673.84 16661.61
BIC 17817.65 17812.11 17822.37 17892.30 17116.02 17027.55
N 30,240 30,240 30,240 30,240 30,240 30,240
n 1008 1008 1008 1008 1008 1008

Model 1, conditional logit model; Model 2, adjusted conditional logit model; Model 3, conditional logit model with N5; Model 4, conditional logit model with three-factors interactions; Model 5, mixed logit model; Model 6, adjusted mixed logit model

Significance level: p < 0.05 *, p < 0.01 **, p < 0.001 ***