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. 2025 Dec 26;31:97. doi: 10.1186/s40001-025-03707-9

Table 1.

Distribution of characteristics of the study population

Variables Total (n = 8908) Non-NAFLD (n = 5002) NAFLD
(n = 3906)
Statistic P
Survey cycles, n (%) χ2 = 24.43 0.064
 2005–2006 1197 (13.67) 651 (13.15) 546 (14.34)
 2007–2008 1377 (14.14) 731 (13.83) 646 (14.54)
 2009–2010 1465 (14.49) 830 (15.32) 635 (13.42)
 2011–2012 1282 (15.21) 761 (15.77) 521 (14.49)
 2012–2013 1280 (13.98) 748 (14.81) 532 (12.91)
 2014–2015 1129 (14.16) 628 (13.47) 501 (15.06)
 2016–2017 1178 (14.35) 653 (13.65) 525 (15.25)
 Age, Mean ± SE 51.30 ± 0.29 49.96 ± 0.38 53.04 ± 0.36 t = 6.71  < 0.001
Age group, n (%) χ2 = 123.05  < 0.001
 20–39 2376 (27.85) 1541 (32.48) 835 (21.86)
 40–59 2838 (37.66) 1496 (35.12) 1342 (40.93)
  ≥ 60 3694 (34.49) 1965 (32.40) 1729 (37.20)
Gender, n (%) χ2 = 69.41  < 0.001
 Men 4220 (48.45) 2236 (44.56) 1984 (53.46)
 Women 4688 (51.55) 2766 (55.44) 1922 (46.54)
Race/Ethnicity, n (%) χ2 = 66.51  < 0.001
 Mexican American 1282 (7.12) 644 (6.56) 638 (7.84)
 Other Hispanic 797 (4.85) 446 (4.97) 351 (4.69)
 Non-Hispanic white 3985 (69.84) 2193 (68.79) 1792 (71.20)
 Non-Hispanic black 1828 (10.48) 968 (10.01) 860 (11.08)
 Other race 1016 (7.71) 751 (9.67) 265 (5.19)
Marital status, n (%) χ2 = 1.52 0.468
 Coupled 5722 (69.42) 3185 (68.89) 2537 (70.10)
 Single/Separated 3185 (30.58) 1817 (31.11) 1368 (29.90)
Education level, n (%) χ2 = 50.53  < 0.001
  < High school 2115 (15.20) 1059 (13.41) 1056 (17.51)
 High school 1947 (22.35) 1051 (21.05) 896 (24.02)
  > High school 4839 (62.45) 2886 (65.55) 1953 (58.46)
PIR, n (%) χ2 = 27.78  < 0.001
  ≤ 1.3 2386 (17.83) 1243 (16.81) 1143 (19.15)
 1.3–1.85 1075 (9.57) 581 (8.77) 494 (10.60)
 1.85–3.50 2097 (24.68) 1184 (24.23) 913 (25.26)
  > 3.50 3350 (47.93) 1994 (50.20) 1356 (44.99)
Alcohol use status, n (%) χ2 = 72.28  < 0.001
 No 4567 (43.70) 2435 (40.92) 2132 (47.29)
 Yes 4341 (56.30) 2567 (59.08) 1774 (52.71)
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) χ2 = 80.66  < 0.001
 No 7771 (89.36) 4512 (91.94) 3259 (86.03)
 Yes 1137 (10.64) 490 (8.06) 647 (13.97)
Chronic disease drugs use, n (%) χ2 = 470.25  < 0.001
 No 5258 (62.30) 3412 (72.10) 1846 (49.65)
 Yes 3650 (37.70) 1590 (27.90) 2060 (50.35)
 ALT (U/L), M (Q₁, Q₃) 21.00 (16.00, 28.00) 19.00 (15.00, 24.00) 24.00 (18.00, 32.00) Z = -12.93  < 0.001
 AST (U/L), M (Q₁, Q₃) 22.00 (19.00, 27.00) 22.00 (19.00, 26.00) 23.00 (19.00, 27.00) Z = -5.03  < 0.001
 GGT (U/L), M (Q₁, Q₃) 19.00 (14.00, 27.00) 15.00 (12.00, 21.00) 24.00 (18.00, 36.00) Z = -15.50  < 0.001
 Direct HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL), M (Q₁, Q₃) 51.00 (43.00, 62.00) 57.00 (48.00, 68.00) 45.00 (39.00, 54.00) Z = -16.49  < 0.001
 Energy intake (kcal), Mean ± SE 2055.66 ± 13.79 2037.92 ± 14.63 2078.54 ± 19.25 t = 2.09 0.039

t t test, M Median, Q1 1st Quartile, Q3 3st Quartile; Z Mann–Whitney test, χ2 chi-square test