Table 2. Risk of bias summary for non-randomized studies (ROBINS-I).

Study	Bias due to confounding	Bias in the selection of participants	Bias in the classification of interventions	Bias due to deviations from intended interventions	Bias due to missing data	Bias in the measurement of outcomes	Bias in the selection of the reported result	The overall risk of bias judgment
Abouelela et al. [23], 2020	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious	Serious
Bhandari et al. [17], 2019	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious	Serious
Carandina et al. [33], 2021	Serious	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Charalampos et al. [34], 2019	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Serious	Serious
Eskandaros et al. [25], 2022	Serious	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious	Critical
Kermansaravi et al. [24], 2022	Serious	Serious	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Serious
Liagre et al. [29], 2021	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Serious
Parmar et al. [15], 2017	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Serious
Peraglie et al. [35], 2008	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Serious	Serious
Plamper et al. [30], 2017	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious	Serious
Sakran et al. [26], 2024	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Schmitz et al. [28], 2022	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Serious	Serious
Singla et al. [31], 2019	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Singla et al. [32], 2024	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious	Serious
Soong et al. [14], 2021	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Serious
Tasdighi et al. [27], 2022	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
van der Laan et al. [10], 2024	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate

Low: green, Moderate: yellow, Serious: orange, Critical: red.