FIGURE 4.

Effects of 2-AEH2P and MβCD on proliferation, mitochondrial function, and apoptotic markers. Proliferation analysis showing how SK-MEL-28, B16-F10, FN-1, and L929 cells respond after 24 h of exposure to 2-AEH₂P, MβCD, or the combined regimen (MβCD 50% IC₅₀ + 2-AEH₂P). The proliferative rate index demonstrates distinct reductions depending on the treatment and cell type (A). Evaluation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) indicating shifts in the proportion of cells with preserved or reduced polarization following treatment, revealing differential mitochondrial sensitivity across melanoma and fibroblast lines (B). Flow-cytometric quantification of key apoptotic regulators, caspase-3, caspase-8, cytochrome c, p53, Bad, and Bcl-2, showing treatment-dependent modulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways in SK-MEL-28 and B16-F10 cells (C). Values represent relative changes in MFI compared to untreated control. Data are expressed as mean ± SD from three independent biological experiments, each conducted in technical triplicate (n = 3). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. Significance versus control: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.