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. 2025 Dec 20;16:2435. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32348-5

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Our RNI interpolated VLM solution with a GIA signal removed based on Williams et al.¹⁵. VA = Virginia, MD = Maryland, DE = Delaware. Regions that are masked as gray are associated with the RNI VLM solution that is statistically insignificant at the 1-sigma level, hence these are areas of low signal-to-noise ratios, with one exception: if the RNI VLM solution is between − 0.5 and 0, those regions are not masked to avoid misinterpreting areas that are near-zero as statistically insignificant.