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. 2025 Dec 12;16:2543. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32347-6

Table 4.

The comparison of SOC prediction errors of different existing methods.

Model MAE RMSE MAPE
RNN 2.889 3.584 5.988
Stacked CNN 2.664 3.199 5.572
MLP 3.041 3.658 5.830
LSTM 2.927 3.459 5.230
Transformer 2.488 3.131 4.694
PatchTST 3.084 3.543 5.990
TimesNet 2.901 3.298 5.654
TATNS 2.165 2.703 4.320