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. 2025 Dec 12;16:2543. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32347-6

Table 5.

Ablation study results for SOC prediction.

Model MAE RMSE MAPE
w/o CNN 4.074 4.839 7.089
w/o temporal encoding 3.795 4.450 8.242
w/o transformer 3.086 3.547 6.390
TATNS 2.165 2.703 4.320