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. 2026 Jan 20;16:2608. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-33951-2

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Calculation of left atrial volume and function. The left atrial volume was calculated by the biplane method, where A1&A2 were areas measured in 2-chamber and 4-chamber views respectively. L was the linear measurement acquired parallel to the atrial septum or perpendicular to the mitral annulus. Images (A and B) demonstrate how the left atrial volume was measured at the end of left ventricular systole (LAV max). The left atrial ejection fraction was calculated according to the mentioned formulas. 2 C 2 chambers, 4 C 4 chambers, LAV max left atrial volume maximum, LAV min left atrial volume minimum, LAV pac left atrial volume pre-atrial contraction, LAEF left atrial ejection fraction.