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. 2026 Jan 20;16:2503. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32207-3

Table 1.

Comparison between our proposed model (CCST) and previous models.

Model Architecture Self-attention type Subject-independent
performance
Computational cost
TCN28 Temporal CNN None Moderate Low
TIDNet31 Deep CNN None Low High
EEGNet9 CNN None High Moderate
DeepConvNet30 Deep CNN None Low High
Conformer21 CNN + Transformer Global Moderate High
ShallowConvNet30 Shallow CNN None Moderate Low
MSCFormer51 CNN + Transformer Yes High Low
TCANet49 TCN + Transformer Yes High Moderate
CTNet50 CNN + Transformer Yes High Moderate
EEGInception32 CNN None Low Very high
CCST (Proposed) Swin Transformer Local Windowed High Low