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. 2025 Dec 21;9:80. doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-09346-4

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A, F, K Indicated BC cells which had metastasized to the homolateral popliteal (A, F) or inguinal (K) lymph nodes were imaged by live imaging with IVIS system after luciferin injection, red arrows showing the metastasized BC cells which were labeled with luciferase beforehand. B, G, L Representative photographs of the resected xenograft tumors and popliteal lymph nodes from nude mice (B, G), and the resected orthotopic tumors and inguinal lymph nodes from BALB/c mice (L), respectively. C, H, M Violin plot representing the volume of lymph nodes from the indicated group. D, I, N BC cells which had metastasized to the homolateral popliteal (D, I) or inguinal (N) lymph nodes were imaged by fluorescence microscope. The metastasized BC cells were labeled with GFP beforehand. 40× and 200× magnification. Scale bar: 1 mm and 200 μm. (E, J, O) The contingency plot showed the frequency of lymph node metastasis of each group (Chi-squared test). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.