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. 2026 Jan 16;16:2398. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-89666-x

Table 3.

Dataset-wise performance metrics of the proposed approach (Inline graphic:1.0, Inline graphic:1.0 ,Inline graphic:1.0).

Dataset Class Precision Recall F1 Score Sensitivity Specificity Accuracy(%)
PAPILA40 H 0.88 0.69 0.78 0.69 0.73 69.1
G 0.46 0.73 0.59 0.73 0.69 73.3
DR 0 - - - 1.0 -
HRF41 H 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.9 66.7
G 0.88 1.0 0.94 1.0 0.8 100
DR 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 1.0 66.7
SUSTech42 H 0.91 0.94 0.92 0.94 0.90 93.5
G 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 100
DR 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 1.0 89.4
FIVES43 H 0.71 0.8 0.75 0.8 0.82 80.0
G 0.82 0.73 0.78 0.73 0.91 73.4
DR 0.71 0.85 0.78 0.85 0.93 85.2
Drishti-GS144,45 H 0.73 0.53 0.63 0.53 0.93 53.3
G 0.85 0.93 0.89 0.93 0.53 93.0
DR 0 - - - 1.0 -