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. 2026 Jan 19;16:2415. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-23316-0

Table 2.

Top pathways enriched by differentially expressed genes in common between all 3 treatment groups.

-log(p-value) Ratio z-score Upstream Regulator z-score
Ingenuity Canonical Pathways
Mitochondrial dysfunction 6.14 0.10 -2.48 TP53 2.09
Oxidative phosphorylation 4.76 0.13 3.87 KRAS 0.08
Nitric oxide signaling in the cardiovascular system 4.40 0.13 2.31 beta-estradiol 3.84
Detoxification of reactive oxygen species 4.28 0.22 2.83 ESRRA 5.10
Apelin muscle signaling 4.23 0.19 2.00 STAT6 0.91
Relaxin signaling 4.17 0.11 3.00 IL4 4.81
Estrogen receptor signaling 4.17 0.08 4.15 HNF4A 1.71
Apelin endothelial signaling 4.14 0.11 3.00 MYC 4.90
Cardiac β-adrenergic signaling 3.86 0.10 0.38 TGFB1 2.97
Huntington’s disease signaling 3.77 0.08 1.51 TEAD1 4.34
Oxytocin in spinal neurons signaling 3.59 0.20 2.65 APP 1.68
Ephrin-B signaling 3.50 0.14 2.12 HTT 0.86
Signaling by Rho family GTPases 3.36 0.08 3.87 SPP1 4.14
Thrombin signaling 3.11 0.08 3.16 methylprednisolone 1.75
Mitochondrial translation 3.06 0.12 3.32 CPT1B -1.51
Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs) 2.99 0.19 2.45 lipopolysaccharide 3.21
mTOR Signaling 2.95 0.08 1.27 EGF 3.94
Platelet homeostasis 2.88 0.12 3.16 pirinixic acid 3.42
Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) 2.86 0.10 3.46
Protein ubiquitination 2.85 0.08 4.58
Ingenuity Toxicity Lists
Mitochondrial dysfunction 7.24 0.10
Renal necrosis/cell death 5.65 0.07
Genes downregulated in response to chronic renal failure 3.48 0.40
RAR activation 2.41 0.06
Cell cycle: G1/S checkpoint regulation 1.85 0.10
Renal Proximal Tubule Toxicity Biomarker Panel 1.77 0.15
Oxidative stress 1.73 0.11
Fatty acid metabolism 1.52 0.08
NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response 1.47 0.06
Increases renal damage 1.44 0.07
TR/RXR activation 1.31 0.07
Increases renal proliferation 1.30 0.06

-log(p-value) of enrichment represents strength of association, ratio = number of genes affected in the dataset versus total number of genes in the pathway, z-score ascribes directionality (positive = predicted activation, negative = predicted inhibition).