Fig. 7. Joint kinetics and mediation analyses across footwear and cognitive task conditions.

a Mean (SD) joint power waveforms (averaged single and dual task) per footwear condition (n = 26). b Results of 1 D – SPM (corresponding to the waveforms presented in row a) showing areas of significant differences between footwear comparisons; t-critical is shown by the red dotted lines in each plot, statistical significance was assessed with two-sided paired-samples t-tests with Bonferroni correction. c Boxplots of joint power range values stratified by footwear and walking condition (ST- single task, DT—dual task), dashed line indicate any interaction between footwear and cognition boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR), horizontal lines indicate the median, whiskers extend to 1.5× the IQR, individual points represent participant data, red asterisk denote outliers (n = 26). d Results from the mediation analyses presented on the forest plots for the comparison between minimalist shoes and supportive shoes, and, in the grayed out area, for the comparison between minimalist shoes and barefoot; total effect (with 95% Confidence Intervals) refers to the difference in the AP MoS between footwear conditions; significant mediation effect occurs if CIs do not cross 0 (n = 26). e Scatterplot of the difference in the MoS versus difference in hip power between minimalist shoes and barefoot (range values of joint powers were used). % stance: 0—heel strike, 100—toe off of the same limb, BF—barefoot, CV—conventional supportive shoes, ML—minimalist shoes, Δ—difference.