| Precipitation and Activated Sludge |
Already available infrastructure and low additional cost |
Low efficiency, Transfer to land, Promotes antibiotic gene spreading |
| Adsorption |
High efficiency, Simple, Easy to scale up, non-toxic by-products |
Adsorbent saturation and regeneration, Competitive adsorption of other materials, High cost of advanced adsorbents |
| Advanced Oxidation Processes |
Degrade TC into smaller molecules or mineralize completely, suitable for low concentration, Fast removal |
High energy demand, Chemical costs, Possible formation of toxic by-products, Required controlled pH and operating conditions |
| Membrane filtration |
High removal efficiency, Suitable for a large spectrum of pollutants, |
Expensive capital and operating costs, Membrane fouling, Treatment of the produced concentrated brine |
| Biological |
Eco-friendly and sustainable, Degradation not separation, Low energy demand |
Slow and inconsistent, Possible of incomplete degradation, Risk of maintaining or spreading resistance genes |
