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. 2025 Dec 24;16:2511. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32230-4

Table 6.

Kinetic model fitting for various light sources42.

Light source Model
Zero-order model
C − C0 = k0t (3)
First-order model
Ln(C/C0) = k1t (4)
Second-order model
1/C − 1/C0 = k2t (5)
k0 (mg/L min) R2 k1
(min− 1)
R2 k2
(L/mg min)
R2
LED lamp 0.91 0.8313 0.2408 0.9542 0.1011 0.9919
UV lamp 0.89 0.8250 0.2207 0.9346 0.0809 1.0000
Tungsten lamp 0.81 0.8052 0.1661 0.8700 0.04426 0.9478
Sunlight 0.57 0.7763 0.0844 0.7903 0.0133 0.8081
Dark conditions 0.55 0.8176 0.0799 0.8470 0.01229 0.8811