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. 2025 Dec 24;16:2511. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32230-4

Table 7.

Comparison with previous studies.

No. References year Photocatalyst Operating conditions TC removal
(%)
1 Huang et al.73 2022 S-doped BiOBr

PCD: 0.3 g/L, ICTC: 20 mg/L

pH:–, Time: 60 min

Xe lamp, 300 W

99.1
2 Jia et al.74 2023 Ui66-NDC/P-C3N4

PCD: 0.05 g/L, ICTC: 30 mg/L,

pH:–, Time: 120 min,

Xe lamp, 500 W

95
3 Saeunyama et al.75 2023 TiO2-ZnO

PCD: 0.125 g/L, ICTC: 50 mg/L,

pH: 7, Time: 120 min,

Xe lamp, 300 W

74
4 Li et al.76 2025 Cu2O/g-C3N4

PCD:–, ICTC: 25 mg/L

pH:–, Time: 60 min

Xe lamp, 100 W

97.5
5 Jiang et al.77 2025 Zn/Fe3O4-modified biochar

PCD: 0.2 g/L, ICTC: 40 mg/L

pH:–, Time: 90 min

Xe lamp, 300 W

90.4
6 Phakhathi et al.4 2025

Porous g-C3N4

nanosheet

PCD: 1.0 g/L, ICTC: 10 mg/L

pH:4, Time: 120 min,

Visible lamp, 450 W

83
7 Lu et al.78 2025 g-C3N4/WO3

PCD: 1.0 g/L, ICTC: 30 mg/L,

pH: 4.4, Time: 180 min,

Xe lamp, 300 W

93.3
8 Alotaibi et al.79 2025 Iron phosphate

PCD: 0.12 g/L, ICTC: 15 mg/L,

pH: 10, Time 300 min,

LED lamp, 400 W

87
9 Bahrami et al. 2025 SnO2-RGO

PCD: 4 g/L, ICTC: 10 mg/L,

pH:7, Time: 10 min,

LED Lamp, 120 W

92

Photocatalyst dose, Initial concentration of tetracycline.