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. 2025 Dec 12;17:720. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-67476-z

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Immunoblots of GV oocytes, MII oocytes and 1-cell embryos derived from NSN and SN oocytes. Black arrows mark phosphorylated (IIO) and unphosphorylated (IIA) RPB1. b Immunofluorescence images of 1-cell embryos derived from NSN and SN oocytes. c, d, e, f Automated quantification of total intensity of RPB1, pS2, EU, and chromatin volume in 1-cell embryos derived from NSN and SN oocytes. P(pS2)=0.0045; P(RPB1) < 0.0001; P(EU) = 0.0253; P(chromatin volume)=0.0007. g Immunofluorescence images of pronuclei of 1-cell embryos derived from NSN, SN, and in vivo ovulated (IVO) oocytes. h Manual scoring of the number of nucleolus in the pronuclei of 1-cell embryos derived from NSN, SN, and IVO oocytes. (two-tailed Fisher’s exact test for male pronuclei, p = 0.0001; two-tailed Fisher’s exact test for female pronuclei, p = 0.6201) i Volcano plot showing differently expressed transcripts in 1-cell embryos derived from NSN and SN oocytes. j Euler diagrams showing the overlap between downregulated genes and minor ZGA transcripts and overlap between upregulated genes and maternal transcripts. k GO analysis of downregulated and upregulated genes not overlapping with minor ZGA transcripts and maternal transcripts. l ATAC-see images of 1-cell embryos derived from NSN and SN oocytes. m Automated quantification of total intensity of ATAC-see signal in 1-cell embryos derived from NSN and SN oocytes. p = 0.1052. n Immunofluorescence images of TSA-treated 1-cell embryos derived from NSN oocytes. o Manual scoring of TSA-treated 1-cell embryos derived from NSN oocytes. (two-tailed Fisher’s exact test for DMSO- and TSA-treated 1-cell embryos derived from NSN oocytes, p = 0.3089). *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001. ****p < 0.0001. N.S., not significant. Box plots show median(middle line), mean(small squares), 25th and 75th percentiles(boxes), 5th and 95th percentiles(whiskers), and 1^st and 99^th percentiles(crosses). Unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test (c–f, l). The number of oocytes analyzed or loaded is specified in italics. Scale bars are 5 µm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.