Table 1.

Summary of hybrid cryptographic frameworks.

References	Methodology	Application domain	Remarks
16	AES + ECC hybrid model	IoT data transmission	Improved key reuse efficiency
17	RSA + Shamir secret sharing	Cloud security	Limited scalability for large blocks
18	AES + chaotic map encryption	Medical image protection	High diffusion but lacks mathematical proof
19	RSA + Hilbert matrix encryption	Biomedical signal privacy	No stability or conditioning analysis