Table 1.

Data type, Sources, and their Spatial resolutions.

Data type	Source	Spatial resolution	Collection year	Purpose/description
Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS	Earth Explorer (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/)	30 m	2024	Used for generating thematic maps.
Sentinel-2	Copernicus Open Access Hub (https://scihub.copernicus.eu/)	10 m	2024	Provides high-resolution imagery for detailed analysis of land cover/land use.
Digital elevation model (DEM)	Earth Explorer (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/)	30 m	2024	Used to understand topography and elevation changes; enhanced with resampling and noise reduction.
Topographic sheets	Survey of India (SOI)	1:50,000 scale	2024	Incorporated to validate and refine DEM data; provides detailed terrain and elevation information.
Meteorological and climate data	Meteorological and Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre (MOSDAC)	Varies	2024	Provides contextual climate and weather information essential for analysis and interpretation.
GPS coordinates	Trimble Geo 7X	High precision	–	Collected for accurate georeferencing and alignment of datasets; ensures spatial accuracy.
Image rectification	ArcGIS 10.8 software	–	–	Corrects geometric distortions and aligns imagery to a standard coordinate system using ground control points (GCPs).
Data processing software	ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 and ArcGIS 10.8	–	–	Used for comprehensive data processing, analysis, and interpretation of geospatial data.