Table 1.

AI and radiologist miss rates in example key conditions

Diagnosis and imaging modality	Study type and ground truth	AI miss rate	Radiologist miss rate	AI or human advantages
Pneumonia, chest radiograph121	Single study, expert panel with multimodal clinical information	~25–30%	~25–30%	Radiologists more specific especially in complex cases; AI more false positives.
Breast cancer, mammography122	Meta-analysis of 8 studies, histopathological diagnoses	15%	23%	Radiologists superior in cases with dense breasts or architectural distortions123,124
ICH, head CT125	Single study, subspecialty neuroradiologist	8%	12%	Performance likely similar
Hip fracture, radiograph126	Meta-analysis of 39 studies with various ground truth methods e.g., surgical confirmation, radiologist panel consensus	11%	~13%a	Radiologists likely superior with distorted anatomy, overlapping structures

Drawn from meta-analyses or single studies with an appropriate ground truth standard. Comparisons of this sort are limited in number.

AI artificial intelligence CT computed tomography, ICH intracranial hemorrhage.

^aDerived from OR(95%CI) 1.27(0.76–2.08) relative to the AI miss rate.