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. 2025 Dec 13;17:757. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-67439-4

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© The Author(s) 2025

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Fig. 4 — a Polarization curves of ACCE-a, IrO₂/SS, Fe/SS, and SS (working area: 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm) in 1 m KOH electrolyte with 95% iR-compensations (solution resistance: 2.49 ± 0.17 Ω). b Tafel plots for OER over ACCE-a, IrO₂/SS, Fe/SS and SS. c In situ Raman spectra collected at different potentials (from 1.368 to 1.468 V vs. RHE) with ACCE (without activation) as the anode, in 1 m KOH solution. Bode plots from in situ EIS over d ACCE-a and e NiFe-LDH-H (V vs. RHE). f Nyquist plots of ACCE-a under various potentials (V vs. RHE). Simulated (g) R_o/R_ct values and (h) Q₁/Q₂ values for ACCE-a and NiFe-LDH-H (V vs. RHE).