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. 2025 Dec 13;17:757. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-67439-4

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© The Author(s) 2025

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Fig. 5 — a Polarization curves for OER under 95% iR-compensations by using ACCE-a and IrO₂ as the electrode (working area: 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm) in 1 m KOH with and without 0.5 m NaCl (solution resistance: 2.12 ± 0.09 Ω). b UV–Vis absorption spectra of the DPD test solutions for ACCE-a, IrO₂ and reference electrolyte collected under different measurement conditions. Inset: Digital graphs of the test solutions prepared from the reaction electrolyte for ACCE-a and IrO₂ collected at the overpotential of 480 mV and 700 mV, respectively. c Derived non-CER overpotential and OER-only potential window based on the onset potentials of OER and CER for IrO₂ and ACCE-a in 1 m KOH with 0.5 m NaCl. d Polarization curve of 3D-ACCE-a with 95% iR-compensations in 1 m KOH (solution resistance: 2.36 ± 0.01 Ω). Inset: digital image of 3D-ACCE. e Chronopotentiometric curve of 3D-ACCE-a at a current density of 500 mA/cm² without iR-compensations in 10 m KOH seawater.